Lungs, Pleura, and Thoracic Wall

Question 1

Which ribs are considered true ribs?

Answer 1

1-7 (vertebrocostal)

Question 2

What ribs are considered false ribs?

Answer 2

8-10 (vertebrochondral)

Question 3

Which ribs are floating ribs?

Answer 3

11-12

Question 4

What are the three sections of the sternum?

Answer 4

• manubrium
• body
• xiphoid process

Question 5

Which ribs articulate with the manubrium?

Answer 5

1 and and half of 2

Question 6

What ribs articulate with the body of the sternum?

Answer 6

half of 2, 3-6

Question 7

What rib articulates with the xiphoid process?

Answer 7

7th rib

Question 8

What is found in the costal groove?

Answer 8

-intercostal nerve, artery, and vein

Question 9

What are the 3 largest muscle groups of the thoracic skeleton?

Answer 9

• external intercostal
• internal intercostal
• innermost intercostastal

Question 10

What are the three posterior thoracic muscle groups?

Answer 10

• serratus posterior superior
• serratus posterior inferior
• levatores costarum

Question 11

During inhalation the thoracic cage _____________ and accommodate _________ lungs.

Answer 11

-increases, expanding

Question 12

What is the most important muscle in respiration?

Answer 12

the diaphragm

Question 13

What innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 13

-phrenic nerve (C3-C5 cervical plexus)

Question 14

Action of the external intercostal muscles?

Answer 14

elevate the ribcage

Question 15

Action of the internal intercostal muscles?

Answer 15

-depress ribcage, but interchondral area will elevate

Question 16

Action of the innermost intercostal muscles?

Answer 16

-elevate, but interosseous part will depress

Question 17

Action of the transversus thoracis?

Answer 17

depress

Question 18

Action of the subcostal muscles?

Answer 18

depress the ribcage

Question 19

Action of the levator costarum?

Answer 19

elevate ribcage

Question 20

Action of serratus posterior superior?

Answer 20

elevate ribcage

Question 21

Action of serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 21

depress ribcage

Question 22

What muscles deal with proprioception in the ribcage?

Answer 22

• transversus thoracis
• serratus posterior superior
• serratus posterior inferior

Question 23

What is the only epaxial ribcage muscle?

Answer 23

-levator costarum

Question 24

What ribs are considered atypical? Why?

Answer 24

1,2,11, and 12

• 1 has a scalene tubercle and is generally thicker and smaller
• 2 has a tuberosity for serratus anterior and is smaller and thicker
• 11 and 12 are floating ribs

Question 25

What is pulmonary collapse?

Answer 25

Air infiltrating pleural cavity that can break surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura. -when this happens, the elastic lung tissue will recoil and collapse leaving air filled space within the o,equal cavity that prevents expansion of the lung during inspiration

Question 26

What substances can cause the lung to collapse?

Answer 26

- blood (hemothorax) - hydrothorax (serous fluid) - lymph (chylothlrax)

Question 27

What is pleurisy/pleuritis?

Answer 27

-inflammation of the pleura, may cause scraping sounds during auscultation and can cause sharp stabbing pain

Question 28

What is a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 28

- obstruction of pulmonary artery by blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble -> fatal - passes from vein into right side of heart via vena cava then travels through heart into pulmonary artery obstructing blood flow - deep vein thrombosis is a common cause

Question 29

What is a bronchiogenic carcinoma?

Answer 29

- common type of lung cancer arising from bronchial epithelium - smoking is a major cause - highly metastatic due to association of lymphatics in bronchial tissue - typically metastasizes to brain and cranium

Question 30

What is malignant mesothelioma?

Answer 30

- rarer type of lung cancer affecting pleura (mesothelium) - caused by exposure to asbestos - can affect other internal organs

Question 31

What is pulmonary tuberculosis?

Answer 31

- bacterial infection of the lungs (M tuberculosis) - can spread to other organs - contagion spread through the air droplets from an infected individual coughing, sneezing, or talking - 1/3 of the worlds population is currently infected, but only 5-10% become sick

Question 32

What are the two primary blood supplies to the lungs?

Answer 32

- left bronchial arteries (from aorta) | - right bronchial arteries (from intercostal arteries, aorta, or left bronchial artery

Question 33

What veins drain the lungs?

Answer 33

- bronchial veins - pulmonary veins - bronchial veins drain into the azygos vein (right) and either the accessory hemiazygos vein or the intercostal vein

Question 34

Even though the lungs are different sizes, what remains the same between the two?

Answer 34

Lung capacity

Question 35

Differentiate the hilums of the different sides of the lungs.

Answer 35

Right: 3 lobes, 2 pulmonary arteries, 2 pulmonary veins, 2 secondary bronchi Left: 2 lobes, 2 pulmonary veins, 1 pulmonary artery, 1 secondary bronchus

Question 36

What lies in the costal groove?

Answer 36

Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve