Lungs, Pleura, and Thoracic Wall Flashcards
Which ribs are considered true ribs?
1-7 (vertebrocostal)
What ribs are considered false ribs?
8-10 (vertebrochondral)
Which ribs are floating ribs?
11-12
What are the three sections of the sternum?
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
Which ribs articulate with the manubrium?
1 and and half of 2
What ribs articulate with the body of the sternum?
half of 2, 3-6
What rib articulates with the xiphoid process?
7th rib
What is found in the costal groove?
-intercostal nerve, artery, and vein
What are the 3 largest muscle groups of the thoracic skeleton?
- external intercostal
- internal intercostal
- innermost intercostastal
What are the three posterior thoracic muscle groups?
- serratus posterior superior
- serratus posterior inferior
- levatores costarum
During inhalation the thoracic cage _____________ and accommodate _________ lungs.
-increases, expanding
What is the most important muscle in respiration?
the diaphragm
What innervates the diaphragm?
-phrenic nerve (C3-C5 cervical plexus)
Action of the external intercostal muscles?
elevate the ribcage
Action of the internal intercostal muscles?
-depress ribcage, but interchondral area will elevate
Action of the innermost intercostal muscles?
-elevate, but interosseous part will depress
Action of the transversus thoracis?
depress
Action of the subcostal muscles?
depress the ribcage
Action of the levator costarum?
elevate ribcage
Action of serratus posterior superior?
elevate ribcage
Action of serratus posterior inferior?
depress ribcage
What muscles deal with proprioception in the ribcage?
- transversus thoracis
- serratus posterior superior
- serratus posterior inferior
What is the only epaxial ribcage muscle?
-levator costarum
What ribs are considered atypical? Why?
1,2,11, and 12
- 1 has a scalene tubercle and is generally thicker and smaller
- 2 has a tuberosity for serratus anterior and is smaller and thicker
- 11 and 12 are floating ribs
What is pulmonary collapse?
Air infiltrating pleural cavity that can break surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura.
-when this happens, the elastic lung tissue will recoil and collapse leaving air filled space within the o,equal cavity that prevents expansion of the lung during inspiration
What substances can cause the lung to collapse?
- blood (hemothorax)
- hydrothorax (serous fluid)
- lymph (chylothlrax)
What is pleurisy/pleuritis?
-inflammation of the pleura, may cause scraping sounds during auscultation and can cause sharp stabbing pain
What is a pulmonary embolism?
- obstruction of pulmonary artery by blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble -> fatal
- passes from vein into right side of heart via vena cava then travels through heart into pulmonary artery obstructing blood flow
- deep vein thrombosis is a common cause
What is a bronchiogenic carcinoma?
- common type of lung cancer arising from bronchial epithelium
- smoking is a major cause
- highly metastatic due to association of lymphatics in bronchial tissue
- typically metastasizes to brain and cranium
What is malignant mesothelioma?
- rarer type of lung cancer affecting pleura (mesothelium)
- caused by exposure to asbestos
- can affect other internal organs
What is pulmonary tuberculosis?
- bacterial infection of the lungs (M tuberculosis)
- can spread to other organs
- contagion spread through the air droplets from an infected individual coughing, sneezing, or talking
- 1/3 of the worlds population is currently infected, but only 5-10% become sick
What are the two primary blood supplies to the lungs?
- left bronchial arteries (from aorta)
- right bronchial arteries (from intercostal arteries, aorta, or left bronchial artery
What veins drain the lungs?
- bronchial veins
- pulmonary veins
- bronchial veins drain into the azygos vein (right) and either the accessory hemiazygos vein or the intercostal vein
Even though the lungs are different sizes, what remains the same between the two?
Lung capacity
Differentiate the hilums of the different sides of the lungs.
Right: 3 lobes, 2 pulmonary arteries, 2 pulmonary veins, 2 secondary bronchi
Left: 2 lobes, 2 pulmonary veins, 1 pulmonary artery, 1 secondary bronchus
What lies in the costal groove?
Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve
