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Anatomy II Exam I > Embryology Of Respiratory/Cardiac > Flashcards

Embryology Of Respiratory/Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Development of the respiratory tract begins in week 4 with the formation of what? What gene controls this process?

A
  • laaryngeotracheal/respiratory diverticulum
  • Tbx4 gene in the endoderm of the foregut -> outgrowth of foregut into the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm (future esophagus)
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2
Q

How does the septum that divides the trachea and esophagus form?

A

-the diverticulum grows distally and separated from the esophagus by the tracheoesophageal septum (distally)

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3
Q

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A
  • most common malformation
  • abnormal communication between trachea and esophagus
  • caused by improper formation of tracheoesophageal septum
  • can sometimes result in an esophageal atresia (esophagus ends in pocket)
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4
Q

How can polyhydramnios be an indicator of TEF?

A
  • in utero babies normally swallow amniotic fluid, reducing fluid volume
  • this can be associated with CNS anomalies and esophageal atresia
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of esophageal atresia and TEF?

A
  • infant drools excessively and is accompanied by frequent choking, coughing, and sneezing
  • when fed, these infants swallow normally but begin to cough and struggle as the fluid is regurgitated
  • the infant may become cyan otic and may stop breathing as the overflow of fluid from the pouch is aspirated into the trachea and lungs
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6
Q

How is TEF treated?

A

-close the fistula and rejoin the two winds together to make a complete esophagus

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7
Q

How are the bronchi formed?

A
  • left and right lung buds
  • in week 5, they divide into 2 bronchial buds
  • these will become the primary bronchi
  • the secondary bronchi are formed when the primary buds undergo a series of branching a to form the respiratory bronchioles
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8
Q

What tissue type differentiates into the smooth muscle, nerves, and blood vessels of the lungs?

A

-splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

What are the stages of lung development? When do these typically occur?

A
  • embryonic (weeks 4-7)
  • pseudoglandular (weeks 8-16)
  • canalicular(weeks 17-26)
  • terminal sac(weeks 26- birth)
  • postnatal/alveolar
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10
Q

What stage is it a little more safe for a premie to be born? Why?

A

-after week 24/canalicular because there is enough pulmonary tissue to potentially survive breathing

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11
Q

What occurs during the embryonic stage?

A
  • initial formation of respiratory diverticulum to formation of bronchiopulmonary segments
  • lungs grow into pleural cavities
  • differentiation of pleura
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12
Q

What happens during the pseudoglandular stage?

A
  • major formation and growth of duct systems within bronchiopulmonary segments
  • no respiratory components or gas exchange
  • resembles a gland
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13
Q

WHat occurs during the canalicular stage?

A
  • formation of respiratory bronchioles and terminal sacs
  • vascularization increases
  • capillaries found in walls
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14
Q

What happens during the saccular stage?

A
  • alveoli develop from respiratory bronchioles

- epithelium lining alveoli differentiates into two types

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15
Q

What are the two different types of cells found in the alveoli and what are their function(s)?

A

Type I pneumocyte
-form part of blood-air barrier

Type II pneumocyte

  • secretory cells that produce surfactant
  • reduces surface tension
  • facilitates alveolar expansion
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16
Q

When are up to 90% of alveoli formed? How does this happen?

A

-formed after birth due to septae ion of preexisting alveoli

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17
Q

What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • occurs primarily in the immature lung
  • 60% of cases occur in infants born at less than 28 weeks
  • 5% of cases occur in infants born at less than 37 weeks
  • labored breathing
  • deficiency/absence of surfactant
  • coats alveoli and maintains alveolar potency
  • results in incomplete expansion or collapse of parts of or a whole lung
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18
Q

What is pulmonary agenesis?

A
  • complete absence of lungs, bronchi, and vasculature
  • bilateral or unilateral
  • bronchial buds do not form
19
Q

What is pulmonary hypoplasia? What other condition. May cause this?

A

-poorly developed bronchial tree
-partial or total
-can be caused by congenital diaphragmatic hernia
+abdominal contents herniated into thoracic cavity
+caused by failure of pleuroperitoneal membranes to fuse. With other components
+most common in posterolateral side
+clinical signs: unusually flat abdomen, breathlessness, and cyanosis

20
Q

When does the cardiovascular system begin developing? Why does it develop so early?

A
  • primitive system present by week 4 (first functioning system)
  • necessary because of rapid growth
  • embryo can no longer meet nutritional or oxygen needs by diffusion
  • requires both pump, tubing, and delivery system
21
Q

What are the general trends in the development of the heart?

A
  • 2 chambered to 4 chambered structure
  • the vascular system separates into systemic and pulmonary portions
  • systemic arterial outflow -> left
  • systemic venous return -> right
22
Q

Generally, how is the cardiovascular system created?

A

-left and right endocardial tubes begin fusing together and finally turn into a single structure

23
Q

What are the embryonic circuits?

A
  • series of aortic arches that connect to dorsal aortae
  • D. Aortae subdivide into smaller vessels to supply embryo
  • blood drained by anterior and posterior Cardinal veins
  • common Cardinal vein
24
Q

What are the nutritional circuits?

A
  • vitelline: supply and drain yolk sac “nursery for blood cells”
  • umbilical/placental
  • umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta
25
Q

What are the adult structures for the following:

  1. Truncus arteriosus
  2. Bulbus cordis
  3. Primitive ventricle
  4. Primitive atrium
  5. Sinus venosus
A
  1. Aorta, pulmonary trunk
  2. Smooth part of right ventricle (conus cordis), smooth part of left ventricle (aortic vestibule)
  3. Trabeculated part of the right and left ventricles
  4. Trabeculated part of right and left atria (auricles)
  5. Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum), coronary sinus, oblique vein or left atrium
26
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

-heart bends to the. Left inside of the right -> most common positional abnormality

27
Q

What happens after the primitive heart folds in terms of partitions?

A
  • atrium and ventricles are separated by narrow AV canal
  • dorsal and ventral blocks of tissue grow together (endocardial cushions)
  • divide single AV canal into separate right and left AV canals
  • canals and their valves regulate blood flow from atria to ventricles
28
Q

What is the atrioventricular communis?

A
  • the formation and fusion of endocardial cushions is the critical first step in the development of the 4 chambered heart
  • large communication between chambers that occurs when the cushions fail to fuse
29
Q

How does the interventricular septum form?

A
  • two parts
  • muscular portion develops in the midline on the floor of the primitive ventricle
  • grows upward towards endocardial cushions and down growing bulbar ridges
  • closed by membranous portion, divides AV canals
30
Q

What are 25% of all heart defects?

A
  • ventricular septal defects: opening between the L and R ventricles, associated with shunting of the blood
  • require surgical correction in the membranous portion
  • possible that there are more trabecular defects that spontaneously close
31
Q

What is the foramen ovale a remnant of?

A
  • the closing of the atrial septum, there was a shunt

- there are two foramen (secundum and primum) that fuse together

32
Q

Atrial septal defects

A
  • presen in 10-15% of patients with congenital cardiac anomalies
  • ostium (foramen) primum defects: similar to endocardial cushion defects
  • secundum type: involve foramen ovale and septum primum
  • sinus venosus: usually near opening of SVC
  • common atrium
33
Q

Changes in sinus venosus

A
  • L & R horns are equal in size
  • right horn enlarges as blood is shunted from L -> R
  • shunts involve “nutritional” vascular circuits and embryonic circuits
  • move. All systemic inflow to the right side
  • these are the nutritional circuits: vitelline and. Umbilical
  • embryonic circuit: Cardinal vein
34
Q

What are the two shunts and what are they responsible for?

A

Vitelline veins:

  • liver develops in septum transversum
  • veins become incorporated into liver as hepatic sinusoids, hepatic veins, part of IVC and some of the veins that drain the GI tract

Umbilical veins:

  • loses direct connection with heart (ligamentum teres)
  • joins large venous shunt -> ductus venosus
  • connects umbilical vein with IVC
  • bypasses the liver and diverts oxygenated blood into the heart
35
Q

What does the ductus venosus do?

A
  • connects umbilical vein with IVC

- bypasses the liver and diverts oxygenated blood into the heart

36
Q

What happens to the sinus venosus?

A
  • loss of vitelline veins, reused as part of GI system
  • reroute get of umbilical vein to utilize the ductus venosus to bypass the liver yet not have a direct connection to the right atrium
37
Q

How does shunt 2 anastomose?

A
  • anterior cardinal veins become connected
  • anastomosis becomes left brachiocephalic vein
  • right anterior cardinal and common cardinal become SVC
38
Q

Shunting of blood meaning ________ horn becomes much larger.

A

Right

39
Q

What does the partitioning of the AV canal and TA form?

A

-valves -> TA (semilunar valves), AV (bicuspid and tricuspid)

40
Q

Neural crest cells invade ridges that form in the _______ ________ and ________ __________.

A
  • bulbus cordis

- truncus arteriosus

41
Q

What is the tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  • congenital heart defect that involves four anatomical abnormalities
  • pulmonary stenosis
  • VSD
  • overriding aorta
  • right ventricular hypertrophy
42
Q

How is the arterial system developed?

A
  • 6 pairs of aortic arches
  • connect aortic sac/TA to dorsal aortae
  • pharyngeal arches (organize development of head and neck)
43
Q

What is a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

-an abnormal connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery in the heart.

44
Q

What occurs during the early and late phases of lung development?

A
  • early: positioning of lung primordium and primary lung bud formation
  • late: mechanism od bronchial branching and cytodifferentiation

Anatomy II Exam I (7 decks)

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