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Anatomy II Exam I > Abdominal Viscera > Flashcards

Abdominal Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sliding hiatal hernia?

A
  • esophageal hiatus of diaphragm enlarges or weakens

- abdominal esophagus and parts of the stomach (cardia and fundus) herniated into thorax

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2
Q

What is a paraesophagegal hiatal hernia?

A
  • defect in diaphragm next to the esophageal hiatus

- permits fundus of the stomach to herniate (not usually the esophagus)

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3
Q

Where is the stomach?

A
  • left hypochondriac and epigastric regions
  • left end fixed at T10-11
  • right end fixed at L1-2
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4
Q

What are the different parts of the stomach?

A
  • fundus
  • cardiac part, cardiac orifice
  • body
  • pylorus
  • pyloric antrum
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5
Q

What are the surfaces of the stomach?

A
  • rugae
  • pylorus(pyloric sphincter)
  • pyloric orifice -> entrance to duodenum
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6
Q

What organs are posterior to the stomach?

A
  • diaphragm
  • spleen
  • left suprarenal gland
  • upper left kidney
  • pancreas
  • left colic flexure
  • left transverse colon
  • transverse mesocolon
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7
Q

What structures are anterior to the stomach?

A
  • anterior abdominal wall
  • left costal margin
  • left diaphragm
  • left and quadrate lobes
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8
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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9
Q

What are some general features of the duodenum?

A

-C shaped
-10in long
-located at L1 to L4 vertebral bodies
-subdivided into 4 parts
+superior
+descending
+horizontal
+ascending

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10
Q

What ligaments and mesenteries is the duodenum covered by?

A
  • covered anteriorly by peritoneum except where the mesocolon of the transverse colon crosses and 2nd part
  • the 1st part is surrounded by the hepatoduodenal ligament
  • the root of the mesentery begins at the duodeno-jejunal flexure
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11
Q

What are the features of the superior duodenum?

A
  • starts at pyloric sphincter
  • 2in long
  • held in place by the hepatoduodenal ligament
  • portal veins, hepatic artery, and bile duct and post. And sup to this part
  • duodenal bulb
  • head of pancreas is inf to this part
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12
Q

What are the features of the descending duodenum?

A
  • 3in long
  • all retroperitoneal
  • the fundus of the gallbladder, right lobe of the liver, transverse colon are all anterior
  • right kidney and ureter are posterior
  • head of pancreas is medial
  • bile and pancreatic ducts enter into the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
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13
Q

What are some features of the horizontal duodenum?

A
  • their sup mesenteric artery and vein and the root of the mesentery cross the anterior surface
  • head of pancreas is superior
  • jejunum is anterior and inferior
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14
Q

What are the features of the ascending duodenum?

A
  • not covered by peritoneum
  • root of mesentery and jejunum
  • left margin of the aorta and medial border of the psoas muscle are posterior
  • held in place by the suspensory ligament of the duodenum (of Treitz)
  • anchors to the right crus of the diaphragm
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15
Q

What are some general features of the jejunum and ileum?

A
  • occupy most of the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen and pelvis
  • coiled and about 20ft long
  • begins at duodenal-jejunum junction and ileum ends at ileo-decal valve
  • very mobile and held to the posterior wall by the mesentery
  • framed by the large intestine
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16
Q

What are some features of the jejunum?

A
  • simple vascular arcades, long vasa recta, more vascular

- greater diameter, thicker, more plicae circularis

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17
Q

What are some anatomical features of ileum?

A
  • 3/5 of the SI
  • has compound arcades, shorter vasa recta, is less vascular
  • smaller diameter, thinner wall
  • fewer plicae circularis
18
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Most common congenital anomaly of the SI

  • occurs in about 2% of the population
  • 2ft from ileo-cecal junction
  • remnant of vitelline duct
  • clinically difficult to distinguish from appendicitis
  • may contain other tissue types
19
Q

What does the mesentery attach the jejunum and ileum to?

A

The posterior body wall

20
Q

What does the mesentery cross???

A
  • L1-2
  • 3rd part of duodenum
  • aorta
  • IVC
  • right ureter
  • right gonadal vessels
  • right psoas major
  • ends at right SI joint
21
Q

What are the features of mesentery on the jejunum and ileum?

A
  • made up of 2 layers of peritoneum with nerves, lymph nodes, vessels, fat, arteries, and veins running between them
  • 6-7in long at it’s root and 20ft long at its intestinal border
22
Q

What are the regions in the large intestine?

A
  • cecum and veriform appendix
  • ascending colon
  • right colic flexure
  • transverse colon
  • left colic flexure
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum and anal canal
23
Q

What are the general characteristics of the large intestine/

A

-highly mobile
-functions: fecal formation, transport and evacuation, water absorption and mucus secretion
-Taenia coli are 3 bands of longitudinal muscle on the outside of the colon
+converge at root of appendix
+produce haustrae that slow the movement of feces
-appendices epiplicae
+tags of fat
+characteristic of the large intestine

24
Q

What is the cecum?

A
  • no epiploic appendages
  • blind pouch inferior to ileocecal orifice
  • ileocolic valve is 2 folds that are not a true sphincter
  • ideal papilla is a cone-like projection of the ileum into the cecum
  • opening for the appendix is inferior to the ideal papilla
25
Q

Describe the vermiform appendix.

A

-usually attached to the posteri-medial part of the cecum
-located at the junction of the 3 Taenia coli
-supported by mesoappendix
Position variable

26
Q

What is the size, shape, and location of the spleen?

A
  • left hypochondriac region
  • parallels left ribs 9, 10, 11
  • mid axillary line, between stomach and diaphragm
  • about the size of a hand
  • normally not palpable below the costal margin
27
Q

Peritoneal relationships with spleen.

A

-develops in dorsal mesentery from mesoderm
+gastrosplenic ligament
+splenorenal ligament

28
Q

What other organs does the spleen relate with?

A
  • diaphragm is posterior
  • stomach, left colic flexure and tail of the pancreas are anterior to the spleen
  • left kidney and phrenicocolic ligament are inferior to the spleen
29
Q

What are some general features of the pancreas?

A
  • secondarily retroperitoneal
  • located L1-L2
  • parts: head, body, neck, tail
30
Q

What relationships with other organs does the pancreas have?

A
  • superior mesenteric artery and vein are posterior to the neck
  • splenic veins and artery run horizontally superior to or posterior to the body
  • tail against spleen
  • inferior vena cava and aorta are posterior to the body
  • stomach is anterior to spleen
  • duodenum is superior, right and inferior to head
  • transverse colon is anterior ad inferior
31
Q

Main or major pancreatic duct joins the _________ duct and enter the _______ part of the duodenum through a common ______________ ampulla.

A
  • bile
  • 2nd
  • heptopancreatic
  • forms the major duodenal papilla
  • accessory pancreatic duct enters the duodenum at the superior minor duodenal papilla
32
Q

What quadrant(s) is the liver located?

A

-most in right upper and left lobe is located in the left upper quadrant

33
Q

What are the lobes of the liver?

A
  • left lobe
  • right lobe
  • caudate lobe
  • quadrate lobe
34
Q

What ligament separates the right left lobes?

A

-falciform ligament -> double layer of peritoneum that connects liver to anterior wall

35
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface of the liver?

A

-smooth, fits con cavity of diaphragm
-peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior body wall and the peritoneum splits to enclose a bare area of the liver
+area where IVC is posterior to liver and hepatic vein drains

36
Q

What is found in the visceral surface of the liver?

A 
-ligamentum venosum
   \+old ductus venosus
   \+used to connect the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava
-ligamentum teres
   \+edge of falciform
   \+obliterated umbilical vein
-hepatic fossa for 
gallbladder
-lobes of liver
-porta hepatis
   \+a transverse fissure between caudate and quadrate lobes
   \+transmits portal triad
37
Q

What is the portal triad?

A
  • hepatic artery
  • portal vein
  • Bile duct
38
Q

Where does gallbladder and biliary tract lie?

A

-lies in hepatic fossa
-fundus
+lowest, widest part
+contacts anterior abdominal wall at the midclavicular line, 9th or 10th costal cartilage
+usually located on the transpyloric line

39
Q

What are the parts of the gallbladder?

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • neck
40
Q

What the extra hepatic bile passages?

A

-rt hepatic duct
-left hepatic duct
+together form the common hepatic duct
-cystic duct
-bile duct

41
Q

What is the bile duct formed from?

A

Cystic and common hepatic ducts

42
Q

Where is the esophageal hiatus? What does it enter next?

A
  • T10, slightly. Left of midline (passes through diaphragm at T8, T10, T12)
  • turns sharp left to enter stomach cardiac orifice, T11 (about 2.5cm)
  • esophageal sphincter is physiologic not defined anatomically

Anatomy II Exam I (7 decks)

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