LUNGS AND PLEURA

Question 1

What is a reflection in the lung?

Answer 1

Turning points where one type of pleura becomes another type of pleura e.g costal to mediastinal

Question 2

What are the 4 pleuras present in the lungs?

Answer 2

• Mediastinal
• Cervical
• Costal
• Diaphragmatic

Question 3

What is the name of the gap between the lungs and the diaphragmatic pleura?

Answer 3

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 4

In quiet respiration, what are the margins of the lung at the:
- Midclavicular line
- Midaxillary line
- Paravertebral line

Answer 4

• Midclavicular = 6th rib
• Midaxillary = 8th rib
• Paravertebral = 10th rib

Question 5

In quiet respiration, what are the margins of the pleura at the:
- Midclavicular line
- Midaxillary line
- Paravertebral line

Answer 5

• Midclavicular line = 8th rib
• Midaxillary line = 10th rib
• Paravertebral line = 12th rib

Question 6

What is the costomediastinal recess?

Answer 6

Where the costal pleura turns into the mediastinal pleura

Question 7

Explain the blood supply to the lungs

Answer 7

Deoxygenated blood is transported from the right ventricle into the lungs via the pulmonary artery

Question 8

Explain the blood supply away from the lungs

Answer 8

Oxygenated blood is transported from the lungs to the left atria via the pulmonary veins

Question 9

What vertebral level is the trachea found at?

Answer 9

C6 - T4

Question 10

Explain the divisions of the trachea and what they supply

Answer 10

Trachea branches into two secondary bronchi at lesdigs plane. It then branches into tertiary bronchi. Each of these bronchi supply a separate bronchopulmonary segment of the lungs.

Question 11

What is the name of the lung segments and how many are there un each lung?

Answer 11

• Bronchopulmonary segment
• 10 in each lung

Question 12

What are lymphatics in the lung drained into?

Answer 12

Tracheobronchial group of lymph nodes

Question 13

What is the nerve supply of the lungs? (3)

Answer 13

• Pulmonary plexuses
• Sympathetic nerve supply - Upper thoracic spinal segments result in bronchodilator
• Parasympathetic nerve supply - Vagus nerve results in Bronchoconstriction and secretomotor function meaning it induces a gland to release a substance

Question 14

How many lobes does each lung have and what are they called?

Answer 14

Right lung has 3 lobes:
- Right upper lobe (RUL)
- Right middle lobe (RML)
- Right lower lobe (RLL)

Left lung has 2 lobes
- Left upper lobe (LUL)
- Left lower lobe (LLL)

Question 15

What is the name of the area In the lung that allows structures to pass through and what are the structures that pass through?

Answer 15

HILUM
- Bronchi
- Veins
- Arteries
- Nerves

Question 16

What is the root of the lung?

Answer 16

Part of the lung that connects it to the mediastinum via structures like the pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 17

Which structure allows the decent of lung roots and expansion of vessels?

Answer 17

Pulmonary ligament

Question 18

Explain the nervous innervation to the parietal and visceral pleura

Answer 18

• Visceral is supplied by autonomic nerves and so doesn’t feel any pain
• Parietal is supplied by somatic (sensory) nerves and so it does feel pain

Question 19

What are the boundaries of the safe triangle where chest drains can be inserted into?
- Superior
- Inferior
- Anterior
- Lateral

Answer 19

• Superior = base of axilla
• Inferior = 5th intercostal space
• Anterior = Edge of pectorals major
• Lateral = edge of latissimus doors

Question 20

Name and explain 5 pathologies of the pleura

Answer 20

• Pleural effusion - excess fluid accumulation in the pleura
• Pneumothorax - air in the pleural cavity
• Haemothorax - Blood accumulating in the pleural cavity
• Empyema - Pus in pleural cavity
• Chylothorax - lymph accumulation in pleural cavity