Lungs and Base of the Neck

Question 1

each lung is surrounded by

Answer 1

pleural sacs

Question 2

this pleura covers the surface of the lung and extends into its fissures

Answer 2

visceral pleura

Question 3

this lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity, diaphragm and mediastinum

Answer 3

parietal pleura

Question 4

exit and entry point of the lung

Answer 4

hilus

Question 5

what are the parts of the parietal pleura? what do they line?

Answer 5

cervical- lines the root or base of the neck
mediastinal- lines the mediastinum
costal- lines the ribs
diaphragmatic- lines the diaphragm

Question 6

what is it called when the visceral and parietal pleural are not in direct contact

Answer 6

pleural recess

Question 7

why is there a pleural recess?

Answer 7

to accomodate expansion of the lungs; they are also potential spaces

Question 8

the costalmediastinal recess is larger on the? why?

Answer 8

Left

because the projection of the heart

Question 9

air in the pleural cavity

Answer 9

pneumothorax

Question 10

excess fluid in pleural cavity

Answer 10

pleural effusion

Question 11

procedure where a needle is inserted through an intercostal space to obtain a sample of fluid or or drain fluid in pleural cavity

Answer 11

thoracentesis

Question 12

where is fluid removed during a thoracentesis?

Answer 12

costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 13

where is the needle inserted during thoracentesis?

Answer 13

needle/drain is inserted above the rib to avoid the intercostal neuromuscular bundle that runs along the inferior groove of each rib

Question 14

What structures are on the left lung? what type of fissure?

Answer 14

upper and lower lobes that is divided by an oblique fissure; the left lung has a cardiac notch and lingula

Question 15

What structures are on the right lung? what type of fissure?

Answer 15

upper, middle and lower lobes divided by a horizontal lobe (between upper and middle) and oblique fissure (between middle and lower)

Question 16

the trachea bifurcates or splits at the

Answer 16

carina

Question 17

at the carina the trachea birfurcates into the

Answer 17

primary bronchi

Question 18

the secondary bronchi are responsible for providing?

Answer 18

air to each lobe of the lung

Question 19

how many secondary bronchi are in the left lung

Answer 19

2

Question 20

one tertiary bronchus provide

Answer 20

air to one bronchopulmonary segment

Question 21

how many secondary bronchi are in the right lung

Answer 21

3

Question 22

which side of the lung has a straighter primary bronchus

Answer 22

right

Question 23

aspirated objects will typically be lodged in?

Answer 23

the lower lobe of the right lung

Question 24

what do the pulmonary arteries carry?

Answer 24

they carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk into the left and right pulmonary arteries

Question 25

because they follow the same branching pattern as bronchi to the segments, we call pulmonary arteries?

Answer 25

intrasegmental

Question 26

pulmonary veins run in between segments and collect blood from all the segments they run between. this is called?

Answer 26

intersegmental

Question 27

what structures are located at the hilum

Answer 27

``` pulmonary bronchus pulmonary artery pulmonary vein hilar lymph nodes bronchial arteries ```

Question 28

why are there hilar lymph nodes?

Answer 28

Lymph nodes help to filter out the junk that we breathe in our lungs

Question 29

bronchial arteries supply?

Answer 29

lung parenchyma with oxygenated blood

Question 30

what is a primary respiratory muscle?

Answer 30

thoracoadbodminal diaphragm

Question 31

the thoracoabdominal diaphragm is innervated by?

Answer 31

the phrenic nerve

Question 32

what fibers are contained in the thoracoabdominal diaphragm?

Answer 32

it contains the sensory, somatomotor, sympathetic fibers

Question 33

what is it when the diaphragm contracts/flattens, increases in thoracic volume, decreases in thoracic pressure and air fills the lung

Answer 33

inspiration

Question 34

what is it when the diaphragm relaxes/ dome shaped, decreases thoracic volume, increases thoracic pressure and air is expelled from the lungs

Answer 34

expiration

Question 35

What type of fibers are in the phrenic nerve

Answer 35

somatomotor, somatosensory, sympathetic

Question 36

what sensory information does the phrenic nerve carry

Answer 36

diaphragm muscle diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura pericardium

Question 37

what do we call the tissue filled space between the lungs

Answer 37

mediastinum

Question 38

what are the three parts of the inferior mediastinum? what structures do they have

Answer 38

anterior mediastinum= thymus middle mediastinum= heart and pericardial sac posterior mediastinum= many structures

Question 39

what are the six layers of the superior mediastinum? What structures are included in these layers?

Answer 39

1. remnants of the thymus (immune system) 2. veins- right and left brachiocephalic veins 3. arteries- aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, left subclavian artery 4. nerves- phrenic nerves and vagus nerve 5. respiratory system- trachea 6. digestive system- esophagus

Question 40

what forms the right brachiocephalic vein

Answer 40

the right internal jugular and right subclavian vein

Question 41

what comes together and forms the superior vena cava

Answer 41

right and left brachiocephalic vein

Question 42

the brachiocephalic artery branches into

Answer 42

the right common carotid and right subclavian

Question 43

three structures branch off of the aortic arch

Answer 43

brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, left subclavian

Question 44

the sublavian artery is a branch of what on the right side?

Answer 44

brachiocephalic trunk

Question 45

the sublavian artery is a branch of what on the left side?

Answer 45

aortic arch

Question 46

coming off both the right and left subclavian arteries- the first branch is? what does it supply

Answer 46

the vertebral artery, supply collateral circulation to the brain

Question 47

the second branch coming off the the left and right subclavian arteries is?

Answer 47

the internal thoracic artery

Question 48

which nerve branches from the brainstem

Answer 48

vagus nerve

Question 49

what are the two different branches of the vagus nerve? what do they innervate

Answer 49

superior laryngeal nerves and recurrent/inferior laryngeal nerves; innervate the larynx

Question 50

which recurrent laryngeal nerve recurs around the brachiocephalic artery

Answer 50

right

Question 51

which recurrent laryngeal nerve recurs around the ligamentum arteriosum (connection from the aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk) ?

Answer 51

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 52

pathology in the thorax can affect this nerve

Answer 52

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 53

the phrenic nerve innervates

Answer 53

blood vessels within the diaphragm

Question 54

what is a parietal pleura recess?

Answer 54

where parietal pleura reflects sharply back upon itself

Question 55

sternal angle is located at what rib structure

Answer 55

2

Question 56

decreasing intrathoracic pressure facilitates?

Answer 56

venous return from the abdomen to the heart

Question 57

what is the primary muscle used in quiet (non-forced) respiration

Answer 57

thoracoabdominal diaphragm