Lungs Flashcards
Which ribs articulate with the sternum?
1-7
Which ribs articulate with the costal cartilage above belonging to the ribs?
8-10
Which ribs are considered false ribs?
11-12
What is the typical starting point for counting ribs?
12th rib
Which rib is located at the inferior tip of the scapula?
7th
Where is the spinous process most prominent in?
C7/T1
What is the pleura
Continuous or Serous Membranes which separate the lobes from the chest wall
What is the difference between the parietal and visceral pleura?
The visceral pleura covers the lung and does not have nerve fibers. The parietal pleura has nerve fibers this is why some pathologies have pain and others may not.
Pleural effusion transudative
CHF, Cirrhosis, Nephrotic Syndrome
Pleural effusion exudative
PNA, Malignancy, PE, TB, Pancreatitis
What is the primary muscle of breathing?
diaphragm
What are the accessory muscles involved with breathing?
scalenes
cervical to ribs 1-2
Parasternals – Sternum to Ribs
What are the red flag symptoms of the lungs?
Shortness of Breath/Wheezing
Cough– Productive vs Nonproductive
Hemoptysis
Chest Pain
Daytime sleepiness, Snoring, Disordered sleep
What are DDX of dyspnea?
Left HF
Chronic bronchitis
COPD
Asthma
diffuse interstitial lung disease
PNA
Spontaneous PTX
Acute PF
Anxiety with hyperventilation
What is a cough
Reflex to irritating stimulant in larynx, trachea, or large bronchi
Mucous, pus, blood vs allergens, dust, FB, extreme hot/cold air
Inflammatory changes respiratory mucosa, PNA, pulmonary edema, compression of bronchi from tumor or enlarged nodes
Cardiogenic –Left HF
Duration of cough is key, what are the classifications
- acute < 3 weeks
- subacute 3-8 weeks
- chronic > 8 weeks
Mucoid vs Purulent cough
mucoid- transparent, white, grey
purulent- bacterial pneumonia
What is hemoptyisis?
-Blood coughed up in lower respiratory tract
-Quantify amount, timing, associated activity
-Rare in infants-teens
-Must confirm its cause- Pulmonary, GI, Trauma
GI- usually darker
What is the etiology of Hemoptysis
- bronchitis
- malignancy
- cystic fibrosis
- PE
Quantity of massive hemoptysis
500cc/24 or > 100/hr
Lung has NO ___________
pain fibers
Anxiety in _____ of 4 pts
1
Red Flags for potential cardiac etiology
Exertional CP
Palpitations
Orthopnea
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Edema
What are differential DX of CP?
Extrapulmonary Etiology:
GERD
Anxiety
MSK
Isolating one spot with a finger- MSK etiology
Radiating pain from epigastrium to throat- GI