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Physiology > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs when hemoglobin becomes more acidic binding with oxygen causing carbon dioxide and H + protons to be expelled into the alveoli on expiration?

A

Haldane Effect

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2
Q

What effect in the lungs happens on expiration?

A

Haldane Effect

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3
Q

What effect in the lungs happens on inspiration?

A

Bohr effect

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4
Q

What is the Bohr effect in the lungs?

A

Hemoglobin binds 4 O2

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5
Q

The Bohr effect at the lungs causes a decrease in what?

A

H+, Co2, Temp, DPG (Disphosphoglycerate)

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6
Q

What is the Bohr shift in the lungs?

A

shift to the left

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7
Q

The Bohr effect at the lungs causes an increase in what?

A

O2 and pH

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8
Q

What is the Bohr effect in the Tissues?

A

Hemoglobin releases O2

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9
Q

The Bohr effect at the tissues causes an increase in what?

A

H+, Co2, Temp, DPG (Disphosphoglycerate)

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10
Q

What is the Bohr shift at the tissues?

A

shift to the right

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11
Q

The Bohr effect at the tissues causes a decrease in what?

A

O2 and pH

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12
Q

O2 and CO2 have what relationship during the Bohr effect?

A

Inverse

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13
Q

Tidal Volume (TV) is equal to

A

normal breathing

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14
Q

Tidal volume is controlled by what?

A

pneumotaxic center

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15
Q

What is the largest reserve for breathing?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

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16
Q

The Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is equal to what?

A

forced inspiration

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17
Q

Which lung volume fires the Herring-Breuer reflex?

A

Tidal volume

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18
Q

Which lung volume shuts off the Herring-Breuer reflex?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

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19
Q

What shuts off the pneumotaxic center?

A

Apneustic center in Pons

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20
Q

The Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is equal to what?

A

forced expiration

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21
Q

The Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is controlled by what muscle?

A

rectus abdominus

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22
Q

What is another name of Residual volume (RV)?

A

Reserve volume

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23
Q

What is the purpose of Residual Volume?

A

keeps lungs from collapsing

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24
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity?

A

IRV + TV

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25
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity?

A

ERV + RV

26
Q

Vital capacity is equal to

A

IRV + TV + ERV (IC + ERV)

27
Q

What is total lung volume?

A

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

28
Q

Air in the pulmonary tree not involved with gas exchange is called what?

A

Dead space

29
Q

Respiration is controlled by what?

A

the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus

30
Q

What tissue type does the entire lung have, except for the alveolar sacs?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated columnar

31
Q

What is the lung histology of smokers?

A

stratified squamous

32
Q

What lung histology do alveolar sacs have?

A

simple squamous epithelium

33
Q

Which pneumocytes are responsible for gas exchange?

A

Type 1

34
Q

Which pneumocytes are responsible for surfactant production?

A

Type 2

35
Q

What does lung surfactant do?

A

decreases surface tension of lungs

36
Q

What disorder involves a lack of surfactant at birth?

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome AKA Neonatal Hyaline Membrane DX

37
Q

What are macrophages of the lung called?

A

Dust cells

38
Q

What is the alveolar pressure during normal quiet inspiration?

A

slightly negative

39
Q

What is the alveolar pressure during expiration?

A

slightly positive

40
Q

Air pressure that opposes alveolar pressure is called what?

A

Atmospheric pressure

41
Q

What is the pressure of fluid in the thin space between lung pleura & the chest wall?

A

Pleural pressure

42
Q

Is pleural pressure negative or positive?

A

negative

43
Q

Which pressure keeps lungs open to their resting level?

A

pleural pressure

44
Q

What is the difference between alveolar pressure and Pleural pressure?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

45
Q

What is another name for “transpulmonary pressure”?

A

recoil pressure

46
Q

What is lung pressure compliance?

A

how far the lungs will expand per unit of increased transpulmonary pressure

47
Q

Lung pressure compliance is based on what 2 factors?

A
  1. elastic forces of lungs itself

2. surface tension of fluids in & around the lung

48
Q

Water is 20x more absorbable to O2 than CO2.

A

False; 20x more absorbable to CO2 than O2

49
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

the brain stem

50
Q

What are Central chemoreceptors most sensitive to?

A

An increase in CO2, secondary to decrease in O2

51
Q

Where are Peripheral Chemoreceptors located?

A

carotid body and Aortic body

52
Q

What are Peripheral Chemoreceptors most sensitive to?

A

decrease in O2 and increase in CO2

53
Q

What is a common symptom of decreased O2 to the brain?

A

Headache

54
Q

What is the “Hamburger shift”?

A

Chloride shift

55
Q

What is the purpose of chloride shift?

A

Keeps pH constant from 7.35-7.45

56
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is bicarbonate ion?

A

70%

57
Q

What occupies 23% of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A

carbamino hemoglobin

58
Q

What percentage of CO2 is freely diffused in the blood?

A

7%

59
Q

Carbonic anhydrase is an irreversible enzyme

A

False, it is reversible

60
Q

What is the carbonic anhydrase reaction?

A

converts H2O + CO2 ← → H+ + HCO3

61
Q

What is the purpose of carbonic anhydrase?

A

Balances the pH by breathing off CO2

Physiology (6 decks)

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