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physiology > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the SVC and IVC meet?

A

sinus venarum

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2
Q

All blood from the lower extremity is drained into the IVC except for the lumbars, which are

A

drained into the SVC through the Azygous vein

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3
Q

This occurs when the mitral or tricuspid valve closes

A

isovolumetric contraction

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4
Q

The pulmonary artery has higher pressure than the R ventricle.

A

True

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5
Q

Enough pressure builds in the ventricle to blow open the pulmonic semilunar valves during

A

mid-systole

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6
Q

Which two arteries carry de-oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery and umbilical artery in fetus

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7
Q

How is blood oxygenated in the lungs?

A

via the Bohr effect (4 O2/molecule of hemoglobin)

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8
Q

Blood exits heart into the lungs through

A

2 pulmonary arteries

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9
Q

Blood exits the lung into the left atrium through

A

4 pulmonary veins

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10
Q

Which two veins carry oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary veins and umbilical vein in fetus

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11
Q

80% of blood passively flows into left ventricle. The other 20% needs

A

P-Wave-AV nodal delay

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12
Q

80% of blood passively flows into right ventricle. The other 20% needs

A

Atrial contraction

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13
Q

What is the correct sequence of events of left ventricular contraction?

A

Mitral closes → isovolumetric contraction → Midsystole → aortic valves open 70mL blood rushes into aorta → Aortic valve closes (isovolumetric relaxation)

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14
Q

What is the End diastolic Volume?

A

120mL

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15
Q

What is the End Systolic Volume?

A

50 mL

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16
Q

What is stroke volume (SV) in mL?

A

80 mL

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17
Q

Cardiac output is

A

Stroke volume ✗ Heart rate

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18
Q

Where does the P-Wave start?

A

at the SA node in the Crista Terminalis of the Right Atrium

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19
Q

On the EKG, where does atrial depolarization/contraction occur?

A

P-wave

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20
Q

On the EKG, what does the P-R interval represent?

A

AV nodal delay

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21
Q

On the EKG, what does the R wave represent?

A

isovolumetric contraction

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22
Q

On the EKG, ventricular depolarization/contraction is represented by the

A

QRS complex

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23
Q

On the EKG, atrial repolarization is hidden under the

A

QRS complex

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24
Q

On the EKG, what represents ventricular repolarization?

A

T wave

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25
Q

On the EKG, the U wave represents

A

repolarization of papillary muscle

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26
Q

On the EKG, i so volumetric relaxation is represented by what?

A

S-T segment

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27
Q

What does an inverted Haltered S-T segment on an EKG indicate?

A

Myocardial infarction

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28
Q

What is the main purpose of the AV node?

A

to delay the pulse going from the atrium to the ventricle on both sides

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29
Q

What are the fastest fibers in the body?

A

Purkinje fibers

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30
Q

Which heart sound is heard when AV valves closed during Isometric contraction?

A

1st

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31
Q

Which heart sound is heard when the semilunar valves close?

A

2nd

32
Q

Which heart sound is heard with ventricular Gallop in CHF?

A

3rd

33
Q

Which heart sound is normal in children?

A

3rd

34
Q

Which heart sound is normal in athletes?

A

4th

35
Q

Which heart sound is heard with-atrial Gallop heard in diastole?

A

4th

36
Q

What does an Echocardiogram do?

A

detects murmurs

37
Q

What prevents the heart from tetany?

A

“Slow calcium channels” , “Long absolute refractory period”, “Plateaus”

38
Q

The heart can beat on its own due to what?

A

leaky sodium channels

39
Q

How man BPM does the SA node set?

A

45 BPM

40
Q

What is a primary heart block?

A

elongation of PR interval

41
Q

What is the Winkebock phenomenon?

A

A secondary heart block causing elongation of PR until 2 atrial waves show up

42
Q

ARMS & PRTS (occurs in diastole)

A

Aortic Regurgitation, Mitral stenosis, Pulmonic

Regurgitation, Tricuspid Stenosis

43
Q

What is the Tetratology of Fallot (DRIP)

A

Dextroposition of Aorta, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Interventricular septal defect, Pulmonary stenosis

44
Q

What is characterized by a dissecting anyeurysm, subluxation of lens of the eye, tall stature & arachnodactaly?

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

45
Q

What refers to long, spider-like fingers?

A

arachnodactaly

46
Q

Which value is destroyed in Rheumatic fever by strep. pyogenes?

A

Mitral valve

47
Q

In Rheumatic Fever, what is made in the heart muscle and valves

A

Aschoff bodies

48
Q

What microorganism destroys the aortic valve?

A

Syphilis

49
Q

What is the most common benign heart tumor called?

A

Myxoma

50
Q

What is an inflammatory marker in heart disease?

A

C- reactive protein (CRP)

51
Q

Which blood vessel layer is the inner surface of the vessel?

A

Tunica intima

52
Q

What is the largest blood vessel layer?

A

Tunica muscularis/media

53
Q

Which blood vessel layer lines the outside of the vessel?

A

Tunica adventitia

54
Q

What is a blood vessel that irrigates other blood vessels?

A

Vaso Vasorum

55
Q

The greatest pressure in the circulatory system is in what?

A

the largest artery

56
Q

Where is the greatest resistance to pressure in the circulatory system?

A

arterioles

57
Q

What is the most common cause of Congestive Heart failure?

A

essential hypertension

58
Q

What is the second most common cause of Congestive Heart Failure?

A

aortic stenosis

59
Q

What is an early sign of Congestive Heart-Failure?

A

Exertional Dyspnea

60
Q

What condition causes orthopnea?

A

Congestive Heart Failure

61
Q

Where does fluid collect in the lungs in Congestive Heart failure?

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

62
Q

Why does fluid collect in the costodiaphragmatic recess in Congestive Heart failure?

A

gravity

63
Q

In CHF, blood backs up into the left ventricle causing

A

ventricular hypertrophy

64
Q

In CHF, ventricular hypertrophy causes blood to back up into the left atrium and into the lungs causing

A

pulmonary edema/ pulmonary hypertension

65
Q

Pulmonary Edema and hypertension in CHF causes what two symptoms?

A

Exertional Dyspnea and Orthopnea

66
Q

In CHF, blood backs up to the Right Atrium into the superior vena cava and causes

A

pulsation of jugular veins

67
Q

In CHF, blood backs up into the Right Atrium into the Inferior vena cava and causes

A

back up into the liver and legs

68
Q

What is the “bag of worms “of the pudendal vein seen in CHF called?

A

Varicocele

69
Q

What is the longest vein used for bypasses?

A

Great Saphenous vein

70
Q

What is the most superficial vein?

A

Small/lesser saphenous

71
Q

What is the order of backflow of blood from the liver in CHF?

A

IVC → hepatic v. → Liver → Central v. → portal v. → abdomen

72
Q

Which two veins make up the portal vein?

A

superior mesenteric v. and Splenic/Lineal v.

73
Q

Ascites or fluid in the abdomen is caused by

A

Portal Hypertension and Alcoholism

74
Q

What is the most common cause of liver failure?

A

Alcoholism

75
Q

What syndrome involves vomiting of blood due to alcoholism?

A

Mallory Weiss syndrome

76
Q

Liver failure due to alcoholism causes

A

Esophageal varices and hematemesis

77
Q

B1 (Thiamin) deficiency due to alcoholism can

lead to

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Psychosis

physiology (6 decks)

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