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Physiology > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the macula densa located?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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2
Q

What is the macula dens a sensitive to?

A

sodium concentration

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3
Q

When the macula densa detects a decrease in sodium it interprets it as what?

A

decreased blood pressure

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4
Q

In response to decreased sodium in blood, the macula dens a fires onto which structure, causing vasodilation?

A

Afferent arteriole

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5
Q

The macula densa causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles in response to low sodium in the blood.

A

False; causes vasodilation

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6
Q

When afferent arteriole dilates, what is stretched to release renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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7
Q

Juxta glomerular cells wrap around the afferent

arteriole.

A

True

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8
Q

Renin combines with angiotensin goen to form what?

A

Angiotensin l

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9
Q

Angiotensin I becomes Angiotensin II by what?

A

ACE converting enzyme in the lungs

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10
Q

Where is Angiotensinogen made?

A

Liver

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11
Q

What is the most powerful vasoconstrictor know to mankind?

A

Angiotensin ll

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12
Q

Angiotensin II has its greatest effect on which arteriole?

A

efferent arteriole

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13
Q

What is the effect of Angiotensin 11 on the efferent arteriole

A

vasoconstriction

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14
Q

What kind of blood fluid volume control involves opening up the artery coming into the glomerulus and closing off the artery leaving the glomerulus to mechanically increase blood pressure?

A

Physical blood fluid volume control

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15
Q

Angiotensin II goes where to secrete aldosterone?

A

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Aldosterone affects what area of the nephron?

A

distal convoluted tubules

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17
Q

What is the primary action of aldosterone?

A

saving sodium

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18
Q

What is the secondary action of aldosterone?

A

excreting potassium

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19
Q

In hormonal control of blood fluid volume, what picks when sodium levels rise in the blood?

A

supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

20
Q

What is the action of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus in response to a rise of sodium levels in the blood?

A

release of ADH/Vasopressin

21
Q

ADH has its greatest effect on which part of the nephron?

A

collecting ducts

22
Q

What effect does ADH have on the collecting ducts?

A

makes them permeable to water (normally impermeable)

23
Q

As water leaks out of collecting ducts in response to ADH, what kind of pressure of the peri tubular capillaries picks it up?

A

oncotic pressure

24
Q

What happens in response to water reabsorption due to ADH?

A

water is returned to the blood to dilute sodium concentration, shutting off ADH

25
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin Il on the heart?

A

Increases: Blood flow to heart, preload and cardiac output, and BP

26
Q

In urine production, the fluid in the collecting ducts will enter the renal pyramids through what structure?

A

papillae

27
Q

What is the correct passage of urine leaving collecting ducts?

A

papilla → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder

28
Q

Which portion of the bladder do the ureters empty into?

A

posterior bladder (trigone)

29
Q

What portion of the bladder is anterior to the psoas major?

A

posterior bladder (trigone)

30
Q

Urine production result from what 3 processes?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption,

tubular secretion

31
Q

The male urethra is broken up into how many segments?

A

4

32
Q

Which segment of the male urethra is known as

the membranous urethra?

A

segment 3

33
Q

What does the membranous urethra pass through?

A

the urogenital diaphragm, which is in the deep perineal pouch

34
Q

What condition describes when the penile urethra comes out on top of the penis?

A

Epispadias

35
Q

What condition describes when the penile urethra comes out the bottom of the penis?

A

Hypospadias

36
Q

What is Peyronies Disease?

A

curvature of the penis due to scar tissue

37
Q

What is the most common cause of Peyronies Disease?

A

Surgery

38
Q

What part of the pen is is responsible for erection?

A

Corpus cavernosa

39
Q

Which muscle voids the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

40
Q

Except for Nat, everything is absorbed in which portion of the nephron?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

41
Q

How many renal pyramids are in each kidney?

A

8- 12/Kidney

42
Q

Which part of the renal pyramids includes the nephron, PCT, DCT, and the Glomerulus?

A

Cortex

43
Q

Which part of the renal pyramids includes the Loop of Henle and collecting ducts?

A

Medulla

44
Q

What are the invaginations between renal pyramids?

A

renal columns

45
Q

What are foot-like processes in the kidneys called?

A

Podocytes

46
Q

Where are podocytes located and for what function?

A

Bowman’s capsule for filtration

Physiology (6 decks)

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