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Pulmonary > Lung Anatomy, Histology, and Development > Flashcards

Lung Anatomy, Histology, and Development Flashcards

1
Q

vertebrosternal ribs

A

ribs 1-7

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2
Q

vertebrocostal ribs

A

ribs 8-10

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3
Q

vertebral (floating) ribs

A

ribs 11-12

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4
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess

A

a region of parietal plerua that extends two ribs below the lung margins and is a site where fluid/blood can accumulate and be sampled

extends to the 12th rib posteriorly and 9th rib anterolaterally

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5
Q

structure of the right lung

A

three lobes - superior (upper), middle, and inferior (lower)

horizontal fissure separtes superior and middle lobes

oblique fissure separates middle and lower lobes

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6
Q

structure of the left lung

A

two lobes, superior and inferior separated by an oblique fissure

upper lobe has a “tongue-shaped” lingula that lies against the heart

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7
Q

components of the mediastinum

A

primary bronchus

pulmonary artery

pulonary veins

bronchial arteries off the descending aorta

autonomic plexus

lymphatic vessels and nodules

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8
Q

bronchial vs. pulmonary artery circulation

A

bronchial arteries come off of the descending aorta and supplies blood to the bronchi - drains into the pulmonary veins and some into the azygous system

pulmonary artery circulation is for alveoli and gas exchange

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9
Q

components of the autonomic plexus on the bronchi and pulmonary arteries

A

parasympathetics from the vagus nerve

postsynaptic sympthetics from the upper thoracic (T1-5) cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

reflex afferents in vagus (pain fibers in splanchnics)

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10
Q

Which side of the lung is aspirated material likely to go into?

A

right - right primary bronchus is shorter and more in line with the trachea than the left

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11
Q

carina

A

the internal crest at the bifurcation of the trachea

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12
Q

eparterial bronchus

A

secondary (lobar) bronchi - right upper lobar artery

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13
Q

tertiary (segmental) bronchi

A

supply bronchopulmonary segments that are defined by the tertiary bronchi and the arteries that run with them

smallest lung units that can be surgically resected

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14
Q

Kerley B lines

A

radiologic descriptions of dilated lymphatics in interlobular septa at the periphery of the lung lower lobes

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15
Q

muscles used for inspiration

A

diaphragm

external oblique

accessory - scalenes, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major

serratous anterior

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16
Q

muscles used for expiration

A

internal oblique

abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus)

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17
Q

How many generations of branching of the airway are there?

A

23 generations

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18
Q

conducting portion of the airway

A

moves air into and out of the respiratory part

first 16 generations of branches away from the trachea

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19
Q

respiratory part of the airway

A

7 distal generation os branching that contains alveoli for gas exchange

20
Q

branching sequence of the airway

A

trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli

21
Q

cells of the conducting part of the airway from trachea through bronchi

A

pseudostratified columnar (respiratory) epithelium with cilia and mucous-secreting globlet cells

22
Q

silhouette sign

A

the similar densities of pneumonia and the heart obscure the heart borders

23
Q

C-shaped rings

A

strcutres that make up the trachea

entirely made up of hyaline cartilage

surrounds the lamina propria of loose connective tissue and submucosa of denser CT with mucous glands

no continuous muscle layer

elastic membrane between mucosa and submucosa

ends of the rings are united by a fibroelastic membrane and trachealis muscle

24
Q

structure of the bronchi

A

cartilage plates rather than rings

continuous layer of smooth muscle under the cartilage plates

epithelium is the same, and goblet cells are present

25
Q

structure of the bronchioles

A

lack of cartilage plates and glands (some cartilage may be present at branch points)

smooth muscle layer that is relatively thick

26
Q

What happens to the epithelium during the transition from the largest bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles?

A

epithelium goes from ciliated, pseudostratified columnar in the largest bronchioles to simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchiole

27
Q

acinus

A

the functional unit of the lung that contains all of the components of the alveoli

28
Q

Clara cells

A

simple cuboidal cells that replace goblet cells and secrete a surfce active lipoprotein that keeps the wall sfrom sticking to each other

29
Q

CC16

A

an airway fluid marker of pulmonary disease (Clara cell injury)

30
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

the first part of the airway where gas exchange occurs

alveoli start to line the walls

also ciliated and Clara cells (mostly Clara cells)

31
Q

Describe gas molecule movement through the lungs.

A

velocity goes down corresponding to drastic opening of airways

air velocity increases a little with the first few generations of branching

in the lungs, the secondary and tertiary bronchi cross-sectional area is smaller

helps facilitate a cough, moves air faster through the big airways

32
Q

type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes)

A

make up 40% of alveolar cells but 95% of the alveolar surface area because of their thin shape

lined by surfactant that prevents their collapse by reducing surface tension

33
Q

alveolar septum (pulmonary membrane or air-blood barrier)

A

gas exchange happens here

consists of thin type I cell with its coating of usrfactant, the blood capillary endothelium, and a basal lamina shared by the two walls

very thin, 0.15-0.50 microns between air and blood

34
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

comprise 60% of alveolar cells, but only 5% of the surface area

comprise the thick wall of the alveolar septum along with collagen fibrils, elastic fibers, fibroblasts, and macrophages

secrete phospholipid DPPC for reducing surface tension

secrete surfactant proteins that regulate the synthesis, secretion, and spreading of surfactant and modulate immune and allergic responses

35
Q

alveolar ducts

A

the progression of respiratory bronchioles that consists of only rows of alveoli

36
Q

alveolar sacs

A

the end of alveolar ducts with a cluster of alveoli opening into a central space

alveolar sacs may occur along the walls of alveolar ducts as well

37
Q

elastic fibers

A

important for pulmonary stroma, oriented in all directions and help the lungs dilate

38
Q

atelectasis

A

the obstruction of a bronchus

39
Q

Where does the larnx, trachea, and lungs develop from?

A

laryngotracheal (lung bud) diverticulum of splanchnopleure that grows ventrally off the foregut

40
Q

What gives rise to the carilage, smooth muscle, connective tissue, and visceral pleura?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

41
Q

embryonic period of lung development

A

branching of the bronchi

the epithelim is undifferentiated simple cuboidal epithelium

42
Q

pseudoglandular period

A

6 to 16 weeks

the airway resembles and exocrine gland

branching vessels to the level of terminal bronchioles, but no air exchange segments

epithelium begins to differentiate

blood vessels elaborate but are not closely applied to the airway

43
Q

canalicular stage

A

16 to 26 weeks

branching down to primordial alveolar ducts surrounded by a rich vascular network

epithelium is thinning at the location of alveoli

breathing is possible, but surfactant is not yet produced

type I cells differentiate

44
Q

saccular (terminal sac) stage

A

26 weeks to birth

elaboration of primordial alveoli with the differentation of Type I and Type II alveolar cells

surfactant is being produced, and preterm viability is possible

45
Q

alveolar stage

A

32 weeks to 8 years

alveoli and acini continue to develop, and more generations of airway branching continue after birth

only about half the number of adult alveoli are present at birth

Pulmonary (37 decks)

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