Asthma Flashcards
cells involved in asthma
mast cells
eosinophils
T lymphocytes
neutrophils
epithelial cells
symptoms of asthma
variable and reversible airflow obstruction
airway wall inflammation
airway hyperreactivity
recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly in early mroning hours
colds “go to the chest” or take more than 10 days to clear
current asthma prevalcence is higher among ___
children than adults
boys than girls
women than men
mortality higher among African Americans than Caucasions
risk factors for asthma
bronchial hyperresponsiveness
genetic predisposition
gender
early infections
atopy
exposure to indoor allergens
outdoor pollution
exposure to tobacco smoke
obesity
prematurity
diet
inactivity
characteristics of the inflammatory response in asthma
cellular infiltration
epithelial disruption
mucosal edema
mucus plugging
atopy
the body’s redisposition to develop and antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE) in response to exposure to environmental allergens
can be measured in the blood
includes allergic rhinitis, asthma, hay fever, and eczema
status asthmaticus
severe, life-threatening asthma attacks
factors that favor the Th2 phenotype
widespread use of antibiotics
Western lifestyle
urban environment
diet
sensitization to house-dust mites and cockroaches
factors favoring the Th1 phenotype
presence of older siblings
early exposure to day care
tuberculosis, measles, or hepatitis A infection
rural environment
Th2 interleukins
IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5
Discuss the pathophysiology of asthma.
epithelial cell disruption
thickening of the basement membrane (type III and IV collagen)
smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia
increased number of goblet cells
enlarged submucous glands, intraluminal mucus
infiltration of the bronchial mucosa and sbumucosa by eosinophils, Th2 lymphocytes, mast cells, and othe rinflammatory cells
production of cytokines, arachidonic acid metabolites, bradykinins, and other factors
transcription factors for cytokines elevated as well as NF-kB, promoting production of IgE by plasma cells against specific antigens
mast cells react to antigen and release granules including histamine as well as IL-4 and Il-5, which continues the cycle
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occupational exposures that can trigger asthma
toluene diisocyanate, flour, wood
airway changes in asthma
epithelial cell disruption
thickening of the subendothelial basement membrane
inflammatory infiltrate throughout the lung
enlarged goblet cells and increased number
hypertrophy of smooth muscle
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stages of inflammation and remodeling in asthma
acute response
chronic inflammation
airway remodeling
acute response in asthma
bronchoconstriction
edema
secretions
cough