Acid-Base Regulation

Question 1

primary process

Answer 1

an acid base process that is occurring independently

Question 2

secondary process

Answer 2

a process that is occurring in response to a primary process as a compensatory mechanism, restoring pH towards normal

Question 3

mixed primary process

Answer 3

more than one primary process occurring simultaneously

Question 4

isohydric principle

Answer 4

the acid/base ratio of a buffer is determined by its Ka and [H+]

a change in [H+] changes the acid/base ratio of all buffers in a solution

Question 5

Henderson Hasselbalch equation for bicarbonate

Answer 5

pH = pK’ + log([HCO₃^-]/(0.03 x PCO₂))

Question 6

pH defenses

Answer 6

physical/chemical buffers (immediate)

respiratory compensation (minutes)

renal excretion or metabolism (long term solution)

Question 7

What happens after an intravenous bolus of HCl in an artificially ventilated individual?

Answer 7

uncomplicated metabolic acidosis

pronounced decrease in [HCO₃^-]

transient increase in PaCO₂

Question 8

What happens after an intravenous bolus of HCO₃^- in an artifically ventilated individual?

Answer 8

pronounced increase in [HCO₃^-]

transient increase in PaCO₂

Question 9

nonbicarbonate buffer value

Answer 9

delta[HCO₃^-]/deltapH = nM/L/pH unit (Slykes)

Question 10

response to metabolic acidosis

Answer 10

buffered by bicarbonate levels

stimulation of chemoreceptors (peripheral) and increased ventilation to compensate

Question 11

response to primary metabolic alkalosis

Answer 11

respiratory acidosis through decreased ventilation

compensation is not complete because a pH difference is required for the reduction in ventilation

hypoventilation causes hypoxemia and carotid chemoreceptor will eventually counter the effect