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PSYCH5121 exam notes > LU5: States Of Consciousness > Flashcards

LU5: States Of Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to be conscious?

A

Consciousness refers to our awareness of external stimuli & our own mental & other internal processes.

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2
Q

Name the 8 steps of consciousness:

A
  1. Unsciousness
  2. Semi- conscious
  3. Deep sleep
  4. Sleep
  5. Drowsy/ tired
  6. Relaxed/ daydreaming
  7. Awake
  8. Highly alert
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3
Q

Give examples of an unconscious state:

A
  • Unresponsive coma
  • Anesthetic
  • Concussion
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4
Q

Is sleep considered an unconscious state?

A

No, sleep is still considered a conscious state, as we are still present in our environment.

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5
Q

Recognizing that consciousness is in constant flux, William James 1902 long ago named this:

A

The stream of consciousness

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6
Q

What is the nature of consciousness?

A

Constant shifting & changing

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7
Q

Name the consciousness 4 components:

A
  1. Awareness of external events (happening around me).
  2. Awareness of internal sensations (happening inside me).
  3. Awareness of the self as a unique being (how I feel).
  4. Awareness of thoughts about the experience (what I’m thinking).
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8
Q

What was Sigmund Freuds (1900) contribution to exploring the variation in levels of awareness?

A

Wanted to examine what goes on beneath the surface of this stream.

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9
Q

What did Freud think people’s feelings and behaviour are influenced by?

A

Unconscious needs, wishes & conflicts of that lie below the surface of conscious awareness.

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10
Q

According to Freud, the stream of consciousness has depth. What are different levels of consciousness?

A

Conscious & unconscious processes.

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11
Q

True or false:
Freud was one of the first theorists to recognize that consciousness is not an all- or- nothing phenomenon.

A

True.

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12
Q

The EEG summarizes the rhythm of cortical activity in the brain in terms of line tracings called:

A

Brain waves.

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13
Q

How do these tracings vary?

A

They vary in amplitude (height) &frequency (cycles).

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14
Q

Human brain wave activity is usually divided into 4 main bands, based on the frequency of the brain waves. These bands, named after letters in the Greek alphabet, are:

A
  1. Beta (13-24 cps)
  2. Alpha (8-12 cps)
  3. Theta- dream (4-7 cps)
  4. Delta- deep sleep (under 4 cps)
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15
Q

What does the abbreviation of “cps” mean?

A

The frequency of brain waves.

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16
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

These daily cycles are particularly important in the regulation of sleep. Humans & animals operate on a 24hr biological cycle.

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17
Q

Daily cycles also produce variations in:

A

Blood pressure, urine production, hormonal secretion & other physical functions.

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18
Q

These cycles also affect:

A

Alertness, short- term memory & other aspects of cognitive performance.

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19
Q

Studies have demonstrated that circadian rhythms generally persist even why external time cues are eliminated. Give an example.

A

Jet lag.

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20
Q

What happens to a persons body temperature when they fall asleep?

A

The body temperature drops.

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21
Q

What is a consequence of getting out of sync with your circadian rhythm?

A

Causes a reduction in the quality of sleep.

22
Q

What is jet lag?

A

Caused by flying across several time zones, your biological clock keeps time as usual, even though the initial/ official time clock time changes. You then tend to sleep at “wrong” times and experience difficulties falling asleep & have poor sleep quality- can continue for several days.

23
Q

Define sleep

A

A normal state of consciousness characterized by reduced awareness of external stimuli. Sleep is not a lack of consciousness the brain actively maintains sleep & this is indicated by physiological measurement of brain activity.

24
Q

What is a electromyograph (EMG)?

A

Records muscular activity & tension.

25
Q

What is a electrooculograph (EOG)?

A

Records eye movements.

26
Q

What is an electrocardiograph (EKG)?

A

Records contractions of the heart. Other instruments monitor, breathing, pulse rate & body temperature.

27
Q

Describe Beta as a state of consciousness:

A

Normal waking, alert, problem solving.

28
Q

Describe Alpha as a state of consciousness:

A

Deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation.

29
Q

Describe Theta as a state of consciousness:

A

Light sleep.

30
Q

Describe Delta as a state of consciousness:

A

Deep sleep.

31
Q

Describe (waves, characteristics & length) stage 1 of sleep cycles:

A

Waves:
- beta —> alpha.
- alpha: gives way to lower frequency EEG activist in which theta waves are prominent.

Characteristics:
- breathing and heart rate slow, muscle tension & body temperature decline.
- “Hypnotized jerks”
- Brief muscular contractions generally occur during stage 1 when people are falling asleep.

Length:
- 10-12 mins.

32
Q

Describe stage 2 of the stages of sleep:

A

Waves:
- alpha —> theta
- Slow wave sleep (SWS): your brain waves increase in amplitude & decrease in frequency as body moves into deeper sleep.

Characteristics:
- During stages 2, 3 &4 there is a decline in respiration, heart rate, muscle tension & body temperature.
- Brief burst of increased frequency brain waves: SLEEP SPINDLES appear against a background of mixed EEG activity.

Length:
- 10- 15mins.

33
Q

Describe stage 3 of the stages of the sleep cycle:

A

Waves:
- (deep) theta —> delta.
- delta waves: high amplitude, low frequency.

Characteristics:
- The cycle then reversed itself & gradually moves back up through the lighter stages of sleep.

Length:
- 30 mins to reach & stay there for 30 mins.

34
Q

Describe stage 4 of the the stage in the sleep cycle:

A

Waves:
- (deep) delta.
- delta waves: high amplitude, low frequency.

Characteristics:
- same as stage 3.
- The cycle then reverses itself & gradually moves back up through the lighter stages.

Length:
- 30 mins to reach & stay there for 30 mins.

35
Q

Describe the REM stage of the sleep cycle:

A

Waves:
- Desynchronised: low amplitude, high frequency.
- Beta waves: high frequency, beta waves resemble those when people are awake & alert.

Characteristics:
- When you reach what should be stage 1 once again, you usually go into the 5th stage of sleep which is called REM.
- All mammals & birds exhibit REM sleep.
- EEG activity.
- Hard to wake up from. Irregular breathing, pulse rate. Body is virtually paralyzed. Low muscle tone.

Length:
- 40- 60 mins.

36
Q

What is N- REM?

A

During S- sleep wave patterns are synchronized (increase amplitude & decrease in frequency).
Known as restful sleep.

37
Q

What stages of the sleep cycle does N- REM sleep occur?

A

Stage 1, 2, 3 & 4.

38
Q

What stage of N- REM sleep does sleepwalking occur?

A

During stage 3 or 4.

39
Q

During the course of the night, how many times of people usually repeat the cycle?

A

4 times.

40
Q

As the night wears on, the cycle gradually changes. The first REM period is relatively short. At what length do the longer, subsequent REM periods peak at?

A

40- 60 mins.

41
Q

Finish the sentence:
non- REM intervals tend to get… &…..

A

Shorter & shallower.

42
Q

What percentage of sleep do adults typically spend in slow wave sleep?

A

15 -20%.

43
Q

What percentage of sleep do adults usually spend time in REM sleep?

A

20- 25%.

44
Q

What impact can sleep loss have on one’s health?

A
  • Impaired attention, reaction time, cognitive speed, accuracy, motor co- ordination & decision making.
  • Drowsiness can cause traffic & work accidents.
  • Health problems; obesity, diabetes, hypertension & coronary disease.
45
Q

True or false:
REM sleep appears to foster the recently discovered process of neurogenesis.

A

True.

46
Q

Describe insomnia:

A

Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep.

47
Q

There are 3 different patterns of insomnia, describe them:

A
  1. Trouble falling asleep: (most common in young people)
    - elevated risk for accidents, decreases productivity, depression and anxiety.
  2. Trouble remaining asleep (most common in Middle Ages).
  3. Persistent early morning awakening.
48
Q

Describe sleep apnea:

A

Involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that wakes a person up and disrupts sleep.
- some awake 100s of times in the night.
- person stops breathing for brief periods.
- Usually accompanied by loud snoring.
- 2% women & 4% men.
- more common in older adults.
- vulnerability to cardiovascular disease , decline in memory, attention & cognitive functioning.

49
Q

Describe Somnambulism (sleep walking):

A

Occurs when a person gets out of bed and wanders around while asleep.
- 15% children & 3% adults.
- tends to be during first 3 hours of sleep when in slow wave sleep- episodes may last in sets of 30mins.
- may wake up on their journey or with no recollection of what happened at all.
- Causes unknown, may be genetic.

50
Q

REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD):

A

Marked by potentially troublesome dream enactment during REM periods.
- may walk/ talk/ yell etc during REM. Feel like they’ve been chased or attacks and are “violent”.
- RBD occurs mostly in men (50s/ 60s)- paralyzed to prevent reinactments.
- cause of RBD is deterioration of the brain stem structures that are normally responsible for immobilization during REM periods.
- develop neurodegenerative disorders, eg) Parkinson’s. (Symptoms show as much as 10 years in advance).

PSYCH5121 exam notes (12 decks)

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