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PSYCH5121 exam notes > LU 8: Personality & Cognitive Development In Childhood > Flashcards

LU 8: Personality & Cognitive Development In Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the theorist of personality?

A

Erikson’s stage theory

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2
Q

What are the 8 stages of Eriksons stages of Psychosocial development + virtues?

A
  1. Trust vs mistrust- hope
  2. Autonomy vs shame & doubt- will
  3. Initiative vs guilt- purpose
  4. Industry vs inferiority- competency
  5. Identity vs confusion- fidelity
  6. Intimacy vs isolation- love
  7. Generativity vs stagnation- care
  8. Integrity vs despair- wisdom
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3
Q

What are the ages of each stage of Erickson’s theory?

A
  1. Trust vs mistrust- infant to 18 months
  2. Autonomy vs shame- 18 months- 3 years
  3. Initiative vs guilt- 3- 5 years
  4. Industry vs inferiority- 5- 13 years
  5. Identity vs confusion- 13- 21 years
  6. Intimacy vs isolation- 21- 39 years
  7. Generativity vs stagnation- 39- 65 years
  8. Integrity vs despair- 65 and older
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4
Q

What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s theory?

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage
  2. Preoperational stage
  3. Concrete operational stage
  4. Formal operation stage
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5
Q

What happens at the sensorimotor stage?

A

0- 2 years.
The child begins to interact with the environment

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6
Q

What happens at the preoperational stage?

A

2-6 or 7.
The child begins to represent the world symbolically.

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7
Q

What happens at the concrete operational stage?

A

7- 11 or 12.
The child learns rules such as conservation.

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8
Q

What happens at the formal operational stage?

A

12- adulthood.
The adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future.

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9
Q

What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

A
  • cognitive development is influenced by social interactions- parents, teachers & children
  • language acquisition plays a crucial role in cognitive development
  • cognitive skills & problem solving strategies is acquired through more collaboration dialogues with more experienced people of their society
  • private speech of children is vital as children plan their strategies, regulate their actions and accomplish their goals.
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10
Q

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

This theory shows that moral reasoning passes through the 6 stages from early childhood to adulthood.
Each stage involves a more;
- advanced level of reasoning that coincides with
- cognitive development and
- life experiences.

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11
Q

Kohlberg’s stages are sorted into 3 levels:

A
  1. Per conventional morality
  2. Conventional morality
  3. Post conventional morality
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12
Q

What are the 6 stages of Kohlberg’s theory?

A
  1. Obedience/ punishment orientation
  2. Individualism & exchange
  3. Establishing interpersonal relationships
  4. Maintaining social order
  5. Social contract & individual rights
  6. Universal principles.
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13
Q

Name the the 3 phases of adolescence + years:

A
  1. Early adolescence (11- 14 years)
  2. Middle adolescence (14- 16 years)
  3. Late adolescence (16- 18 years).
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14
Q

Describe early adolescence

A

A time of rapid pubertal change.

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15
Q

Describe middle adolescence

A

Pubertal changes are now nearly complete.

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16
Q

Describe late adolescence

A

The young person achieved full adult appearance & anticipates assumption of adult roles.

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17
Q

What are the 5 components of adolescence?

A
  1. Self esteem
  2. Moral development
  3. Socializing process
  4. Cognitive maturation
  5. Physical development
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18
Q

Describe self- esteem?

A

Is a measure of self- worth based on perceived success & achievements.

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19
Q

What is moral development?

A

Refers to a set of values & beliefs about codes of behavior that conform to those shared by others in society.

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20
Q

What is the socializing process?

A

Embrace the ability to find acceptance in peer relationships.

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21
Q

Describe cognitive maturation

A

Contain a wide range of extended skills that fall with the decision making function.

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22
Q

Describe what happens at physical development?

A

First seen in height and weight.

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23
Q

What are the physiological change with ageing?

A
  • hair becomes thin & grey, men receding & baldness
  • body fat increases
  • changes in vision and hearing
  • menopause in women
  • increase in susceptibility to acute or chronic disease.
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24
Q

What are the factors for successful ageing?

A
  1. Physiological factors- good genes
  2. Psychological factors- intelligence, conscientiousness & positive self- esteem
  3. Behavioural habits- nutrition, exercise, not smoking, no substance abuse use, regular medical check ups.
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25
Q

What is dementia?

A

An abnormal deterioration of memory & other cognitive functions that interferes with abnormal activities of daily living.

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26
Q

Dementia is caused by:

A

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease & AIDS.

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27
Q

What neural cognitive factors decline with age?

A
  • speed in learning
  • problem solving
  • processing information
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28
Q

What happens with Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • major structural deterioration of the brain; profound & widespread loss of neurons & brain tissue
  • first in hippocampal region (memory), then other areas of the brain.
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29
Q

What are early symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

A
  • forgetting newly learnt information
  • impairment of working memory, attention & execution on tasks.
  • progressive decline: 8- 10 years and then death.
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30
Q

More causes on Alzheimer’s?

A
  • not well understood
  • genetic factors
  • chronic inflammation
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31
Q

Protective factors against Alzheimer’s:

A
  • regular exercise
  • lower cardiovascular risk factors
  • no smoking & diabetes
  • vulnerability decreases with stimulating & new cognitive activities, diet low in meat, sweats & high fat dairy products.
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32
Q

What is personality?

A

An individuals unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits.

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33
Q

What is a trait?

A

An enduring, characteristic way of behaving, such as a tendency to be cautious or adventurous.

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34
Q

What is the 5 factor model of personality traits?

A

OCEAN.
openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism.

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35
Q

What does openness to experience consist of?

A
  • curiosity
  • flexibility
  • artistic sensitivity
  • vivid fantasy
  • unconventional attitudes
  • imaginativeness.
36
Q

What does conscientiousness consist of?

A
  • diligent
  • punctual
  • dependable
  • well- organized
  • discipline.
37
Q

What does extraversion consist of?

A
  • outgoing
  • upbeat
  • gregarious
  • assertive
  • friendly
  • sociable
38
Q

What does agreeableness consist of?

A
  • sympathetic
  • modest
  • straight forward
  • cooperative
  • trusting.
39
Q

What does neuroticism consist of?

A
  • anxious
  • insecure
  • hostile
  • self conscious
  • vulnerable
40
Q

Describe psychodynamic theories: (Freud)

A
  • focuses on unconscious mental processes.
  • view that past childhood experiences define adult personality.
  • id, ego, superego.
41
Q

Describe Freud’s psychoanalytic theory:

A

This theory attempts to explain personality, motivation & psychological disorders by focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences, unconscious motives & conflicts, and the methods people use to cope with sexual and aggressive urges.

42
Q

How did Freud divide personality into 3 components?

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
43
Q

Describe Id?

A
  • is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification & engages in primary- process thinking (primitive, illogical, irrational & fantasy- oriented).
  • according to Freud, the id exists in the unconscious level of awareness. The unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness.
44
Q

Describe ego:

A
  • the decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle, seeking to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets can be found, thus mediating between the id and the external world.
  • in Freud’s model, the ego operates at all 3 levels of awareness- unconscious, preconscious & conscious.
45
Q

Describe the superego:

A
  • the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. The superego emerges out of the ego at around 3- 5 years of age.
  • like the ego, the superego operates at all 3 levels of awareness.
46
Q

What are the 3 levels of awareness?

A
  1. Conscious
  2. Pre- conscious
  3. Unconscious.
47
Q

How did Freud view behaviour?

A
  • psychodynamic perspective
  • childhood experiences defining adult personality.
  • behavior is dominated by the unconscious.
  • As the outcome of an ongoing series of internal conflicts between the id, ego & superego;
  • with conflicts centering on sex & aggressive impulses having far reaching consequences.
48
Q

Describe the link between anxiety & defense mechanisms

A

Intrapsychic conflict (between id, superego, ego) —> anxiety —> reliance on defense mechanisms.

49
Q

What are examples of defense mechanisms?

A
  1. Rationalization
  2. Repression
  3. Projection
  4. Regression.
  5. Reaction formation
50
Q

Describe Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A
  • Freud believed that the foundation of personality is laid by the age of 5.
  • he theorized that the ways in which children deal euthanasia immature sexual urges (“sexual” used as a general term meaning physical pleasure) during different stages of development shape personality.
51
Q

What are Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
52
Q

Describe the oral stage:

A

(0- 2)
- focused on the mouth as the source of pleasure.
- originally oral gratification from mother. Critical or future development.
- can experience anxiety & need to defend if not satisfied.
- eg) being weaned too early, denied dummy.
- fixation- later oral “issues” thumb sucking, over- eating, talking, smoking etc.

53
Q

Describe the anal stage:

A

(2- 3)
- libido is focused on the anus and bladder.
- demands of toilet training creates conflict between the child’s biological urges and society’s demands.
- punishment from parents can lead to delayed gratification & create high levels of anxiety.
- personality later on can resist demands from authority figures.
- parents goal should be to allow some gratification while helping child to achieve reasonable control over these impulses.

54
Q

Describe the phallic stage:

A

(3- 7)
- libido centred on the genitals.
- desire for the opposite sex parent, results in identification with the same sex parent.
- development of the superego.
- learnt to adopt their gender role.

55
Q

Describe the latent period:

A

(7- 11)
- libido is quiet.
- psychic energy is invested in school work and play with the same sex friends.

56
Q

Describe the genital stage:

A

(11- adulthood)
- puberty reawakens sexual instincts.
- libido is centred on the genitals.
- youth seeks to establish mature sexual relationships.
- pursue the goal of reproduction.

57
Q

What was Carl Jung’s new theory?

A

Analytical psychology.

58
Q

Describe analytical psychology:

A

The unconscious mind is composed of 2 layers:
1. The personal unconscious
2. The collective unconscious

59
Q

Describe the personal unconscious:

A

Houses material that’s not within one’s conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten.

60
Q

Describe the collective unconscious:

A

Houses the latent memory traces inherited from peoples ancestral past.

61
Q

What did Jung call ancestral memories ?

A

Archetypes.

62
Q

What are archetypes?

A

Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning- symbols in cultural art, literature & religion.

63
Q

True or false:
Like Freud, Jung used dream analysis in his treatment of patients and believed that dreams contained important messages from the unconscious.

A

True.

64
Q

True or false :
Psychodynamic theories have resulted in groundbreaking insights about the unconscious, the role of internal conflict and the importance of early childhood experiences in personality development.

A

True.

65
Q

What have psychodynamic theories been criticized for ?

A
  • Poor testability
  • contradictory evidence
  • Male- centred views.
  • unrepresentative samples.
66
Q

Describe behaviourism:

A

Theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour.

67
Q

Who are the 2 behavioral theorists?

A
  1. B. F. Skinner
  2. Albert Bandura.
68
Q

What is Skinners view on personality?

A
  • personality is learned through conditioning (operant).
  • asserted that behaviour is fully determined by environmental stimuli, and free will is just an illusion.
  • personality, according to skinner, is based on response tendencies and the specific stimulus situations ; acquired through learning over the course of the lifespan.
69
Q

True or false:
Skinner maintained that environmental consequences- reinforcement, punishment & extinction- determine people’s patterns of responding. These are our response tendencies.

A

True.

70
Q

Describe Bandura’s social cognitive theory:

A
  • Focuses on how cognitive factors such as expectancies regulate learning.
  • reciprocal determinism- idea that internal mental events, external environmental events and overt behavior all influence one another.
  • observational learning: behaviour is shaped by exposure to models, or a person whose behavior they observe.
71
Q

What is a model?

A

A person whose behaviour is observed by another.

72
Q

What is self efficacy ?

A

A person’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes.

73
Q

Describe humanism:

A

Theoretical orientation that emphasises the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
- take an optimistic view of human nature.

74
Q

What are the humanists theorists?

A

Carl Roger’s and Abraham Maslow.

75
Q

Describe Roger’s self concept:

A

Focused on just the one subject in the personality- the self. More widely known as the self- concept.

76
Q

What is a self- concept?

A

A collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities and typical behaviour. Own mental picture of yourself. When self concepts don’t match reality, they are threatened and anxiety results (incongruence).

77
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
Humans have an innate drive for personal growth —> self actualisation.

78
Q

List Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:

A
  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety and security needs
  3. Belongingness & love needs
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Cognitive needs
  6. Aesthetic needs
  7. Self- actualization.
79
Q

Describe the healthy personality:

A
  • self - actualizing people are people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by personal growth.
  • these people are at peace and in tune with themselves: open and spontaneous to others therefore rewarding interpersonal relations.
80
Q

Characteristics of self- actualising people:

A
  • spontaneonity
  • simplicity
  • autonomy
  • culture
  • feelings of kinship
  • balance between polarities in personality.
81
Q

True or false:
Evolutionary analyses of personality suggest that certain traits and the ability to recognize them may contribute to reproductive fitness- a reproductive advantage.

A

True.

82
Q

What is individualism?

A

Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership.

83
Q

What is collectivism?

A

Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the group one belongs to, such as family, tribe, work group.

84
Q

Describe Adler’s individual psychology:

A

Adler asserted that everyone had to work to overcome some feelings of inferiority. He called this process compensation.

85
Q

Define compensation:

A

Involves one’s efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities.

PSYCH5121 exam notes (12 decks)

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