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PSYCH5121 exam notes > LU 11: Human Intelligence > Flashcards

LU 11: Human Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What is human intelligence?

A

Can be described as a complex human ability, where mental processes are used to attend to tasks, solve problems and comprehend abstract ideas and information.

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2
Q

What is intelligence?

A

May refer to the broader ability of acquiring and utilizing complex mental skills, the term intelligence quotient (IQ) refers to the numerical representation of the level of an individual’s intelligence.

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3
Q

What is intelligence based on?

A

A theoretical context that reflects the cultural, social, historical and economic framework of a society at any given time.

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4
Q

Who concluded that intelligence is inherited and passed down in families from generation to generation?

A

Sir Francis Galton.

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5
Q

What was the name given to the first useful test of general mental ability?

A

The Binet- Simon Scale 1905.

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6
Q

Who created the term IQ?

A

William Stern.

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7
Q

What is IQ?

A

A measure of an individuals intelligence relative to a statistically normal curve.

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8
Q

How to calculate intelligence?

A

Mental age/ chronological age x 100

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9
Q

What is the meaning of standard deviation?

A

Indicate whether an individual has performed below or above average in the norm group.

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10
Q

What are the two core theoretical perspectives of psychology?

A
  1. The single factor view
  2. The multiple factor view
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11
Q

What is the single factor view?

A

The predominant view of intelligence is that of a singular construct.

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12
Q

Who invented a statistical procedure called the factor analysis?

A

Charles Spearman.

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13
Q

What is factor analysis?

A
  • Correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables. Of a number of variables correlate highly with one another, the assumption is that a single factor is influencing all of them.
  • Factor analysis attempts to identify these “hidden” factors.
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14
Q

Spearman concluded that all cognitive abilities share an important core factor…”g” which stands for?

A

general mental ability.

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15
Q

Who theorized that there are multiple independent factors comprising intelligence and cannot be viewed as a single construct?

A

Louis Thurstone.

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16
Q

What test did Louis Thurstone develop?

A

Chicago Tests of Primary Mental Abilities.

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17
Q

The Chicago tests of primary mental abilities included 7 primary mental abilities which are:

A
  1. Word fluency
  2. Verbal comprehension
  3. Spatial ability
  4. Perceptual speed
  5. Numerical ability
  6. Inductive reasoning
  7. Memory.
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18
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Which involves reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing (Eg. Maths, vocabulary).

19
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving. Eg) seeing a pattern, puzzles, chess and suduko.

20
Q

What are psychological tests?

A

Standardized measures of behaviour.

21
Q

What are standardised measures of behaviour used in 2 important related areas?

A
  1. They are used extensively for research purposes to measure & evaluate specific psychological constructs, such as intelligence.
  2. Used to objectively evaluate psychological functioning in individuals in order to assist I’m diagnosis and recommendation of appearance interventions.
22
Q

Most psychological tests can be placed in one of 2 broad categories :

A
  1. Mental ability tests
  2. Personality tests.
23
Q

Mental ability tests include 3 principle subcategories:

A
  1. Intelligence tests
  2. Aptitude tests
  3. Achievement tests.
24
Q

What are personality tests?

A

Use personality scales to assess the degree to which a certain personality trait presents itself.
Remember “big 5”.

25
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

The science of measuring the attributes of psychological tests, & procedures used to evaluate their properties.

26
Q

What is a psychological test?

A

A standardised measure of a sample of a persons behaviour.

27
Q

What is standardisation?

A

Refers to the uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test.

28
Q

Would these psychometric tests be reliable?

A

As a measuring device, psychological tests should produce consistent results each time they measure a psychological construct. This is called test reliability.

29
Q

True or false: reliability estimates should yield fairly high positive correlations.

A

True.

30
Q

What is validity?

A

Refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

31
Q

What is content validity?

A

Refers to the degree to which the content of a test representative of the domain it’s supposed to cover.

32
Q

What is criterion related validity?

A

Estimated by correlating subjects’ scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion.

33
Q

There are 2 types of criterion related validity:

A
  1. Concurrent validity.
  2. Predictive validity.
34
Q

What is construct validity?

A

The extent to which evidence shows that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct.

35
Q

Can tests be “culture free?”

A

Tests, just as the culture they are developed in, cannot be culture- free. Therefore test developers attempted to produce more culturally appropriate or culture fair- tests.

36
Q

What is intellectual disability? (ID)

A
  • Refers to below- average general mental ability originating before the age if 18. This is accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills.
  • ID is associated with IQ scores below 80.
  • Diagnoses of ID should not be based solely on test results.
37
Q

What are the 4 levels of intellectual disability?

A
  1. Mild
  2. Moderate
  3. Severe
  4. Profound.
38
Q

What is Giftedness?

A

Children who obtain IQ scores within the “superior range” (120/ 129) or “very superior” (above 130) may be viewed as gifted. Children who demonstrate an advanced ability or potential in one or more specific areas when compared to others of the same age, experience or environment. But cut- offs for accelerated programmes vary, and schools rely too much on IQ scores.

39
Q

What is the normal range of IQ?

A

90- 110.

40
Q

International and SA academic literature view intelligence in 2 related ways:

A
  1. Theoretical definitions about intelligence, describing its nature and structure.
  2. The study of intelligence expounds on the practical development of tests that measure constructs of intelligence.
    - questions regarding the validity of tests are often linked to socioeconomic, cultural and linguistic factors.
41
Q

Why is is SA’s understanding of intelligence dynamic?

A
  • The literature reviewed SA studies, highlighting the significant role that environmental factors have on IQ scores, school and vocational performance.
  • The African continent boasts immense diveristy amongst its peoples in language, ethnicity, religion, political orientation, daily attire, child rearing practices and attitudes, literacy levels amd attendance of formal schooling.
42
Q

What is the Triatrhic Theory of successful intelligence (Sternberg)

A
  • Analytical intelligence: abstract reasoning
  • Creative Intelligence
  • Practical Intelligence
43
Q

What is intellectual disability?

A

A condition characterized by significant limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. (Everyday functioning like practical amd social skills).

PSYCH5121 exam notes (12 decks)

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