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Environmental science > Lthosphere > Flashcards

Lthosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the igneous process create mineral deposits?

A

creating rocks by the cooling and hardening of magma.

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2
Q

How does hydrothermal deposition create mineral deposits?

A

igneous intrusions rocks are formed from the heating/cooling of magma
Pressurised superheated water moves away from the batholith and cools forming crystals

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3
Q

How does the metamorphic process create mineral deposits?

A

igneous processes and tectonic movements can alter existing rocks without a high temp./pressure produces metamorphic rocks

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4
Q

How does the sedimentary process create mineral deposits?

A

causes minerals to settle and build up layers of deposited sediments

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5
Q

How do proterozoic marine sediments form?

A

form when dissolved iron compounds become oxidised by o2 from photosynthesis producing insoluable iron oxide deposits

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6
Q

How are alluvial deposits formed

A

materials are carried and separated by flowing water and different densities minerals can be carried in different velocities of water

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7
Q

How are evaporites formed?

A

Isolated seas then crystals can be formed as the water evaporates

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8
Q

What is Lasky’s principle

A

In general, as the purity of the mineral decrease, the amount of mineral present increases exponentially

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9
Q

What is the stock

A

All minerals in the lithosphere

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10
Q

What is the resource

A

contains all exploitable materials including future exploitable materials

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11
Q

What is the reserve

A

contains all materials that can be exploited now

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12
Q

How does ir spectroscopy detect rocks

A

different minerals emit infrared radiation at different wavelengths and these can be used to identify them

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13
Q

How does gravimetry detect rocks

A

gravimeters detect variations in gravity caused by variation in density and mass

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14
Q

How does magnetometry detect rocks

A

magnetometers detect rocks that are more magnetic

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15
Q

How do seismic surveys detect rocks?

A

sound waves are produced by controlled explosions/ seismic vibrator. The echoes can give information about the depth, density and shape of rock strata

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16
Q

What is resistivity

A

is the measurement of the difficulty with which electricity passes through a material

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17
Q

What is trial drilling

A

taking samples of the rocks underground

18
Q

What is chemical analysis

A

using lab tests to confirm the chemical composition and purity of the minerals in the rock samples

19
Q

If the market value is high the COOG…

A

decreases

20
Q

If the market value is low the COOG…

A

increases

21
Q

If technology improves the COOG…

A

decreases

22
Q

If there is a high energy cost the COOG…

A

increases

23
Q

What is the loss of amenity?

A

mining causes aesthetic problems for local communities but mines can be restored when no longer used

24
Q

What causes dust and how can it be limited

A

blasting and vehicle movement cause dust and water sprays limit dust

25
Q

How can noise be reduced?

A

carrying out blasting at certain times and using embankments to absorb the noise

26
Q

What effect can turbid drainage water have?

A

limit light in water for photosynthesis

27
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

using bacteria to extract minerals

28
Q

What is phytomining?

A

allowing plants to absorb minerals then burning them

29
Q

What is iron displacement?

A

using iron to displace copper in a solution

30
Q

What is leachate collection?

A

percolating water through spoil heaps to dissolve metal iron and leachate

31
Q

What is polymer absorption?

A

metal ions dissolved in seawater will absorb into some synthetic and natural polymers

32
Q

what are polymetallic nodules?

A

metal-rich nodules found underwater which contains about 30% manganese and extraction requires an international agreement and is expensive

33
Q

What are the environmental impacts of extracting polymetallic nodules

A

disturb and kill the seabed, increase the turbidity of nodules, and re-deposition is likely to kill filter feeders

34
Q

What are the 2 types of waste?

A

post and pre-consumer waste

35
Q

What are biological sediments?

A

process where living organisms can form mineral deposits.

36
Q

What factors affect mining viability?

A 
Ore purity
Chemical form
Overburden and hydrology
Depth
Economic viability
Transport Costs
Market Economics
37
Q

What are the environmental impacts of mineral exploitation?

A 
Land take
Habitat loss
Loss of amenity
Dust
Noise
Turbid drainage water
Spoil disposal
38
Q

What are 2 improvements in exploratory techniques?

A

Better remote sensing

Portable field equipment

39
Q

What does deep mining allow?

A

Mining underground where it may be too hot or dangerous

40
Q

What does open-cast mining allow?

A

Minerals to be extracted quickly and cost-effectively

Environmental science (14 decks)

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