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Environmental science > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors can influence energy consumption?

A 
Affluence
Relative cost of energy
Type of industry
Social and environmental awareness
Climate
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2
Q

What are features of energy resources?

A 
Renewable/non-renewable
Depletable/non-depletable
Abundance
Locational constraints 
Intermittency
Predictability
Energy density
Resource availability
Ease of storage
Ease or transportation
Environmental impacts
Technological developments
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3
Q

What are the political influence on energy resources?

A
  • Government may provide assistance to sections of the energy industry
  • E.g. grants, market price, financial support for affected communities
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4
Q

What are the economic influences on energy resources?

A

Isn’t easy to calculate the full energy cost

Price paid doesn’t always cover all associated costs

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5
Q

What factors affect the sustainability of current energy use?

A

Resource depletion
Economic sustainability
Environmental impacts

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6
Q

What are some ways the energy supplied in the future will change?

A

Some resources may be depleted
Concerns about the environmental damage
Current supplies can’t meet the growth
New technologies are becoming more available

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7
Q

What are the 2 new technologies for coal

A

Coal gasification

Coal liquefaction

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8
Q

What are the 5 ways that oil can be extracted?

A 
Primary oil recovery
Secondary oil recovery
Tertiary oil recovery 
Directional drilling
Subsea production wells
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9
Q

What does primary oil recovery involve?

A

Use of pump jacks

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10
Q

What does secondary oil recovery involve?

A

Pumping water/natural gas down an injection well to maintain the pressure and the flow of oil

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11
Q

What does tertiary oil recovery involve?

A

Pumping steam to heat the oil

Controlled underground combustion to heat the oil and reduce viscosity

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12
Q

What does directional drilling involve?

A

Allows wells to be drilled that aren’t vertical which allows for access to more remote locations

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13
Q

What are subsea production wells?

A

Located on the seabed and have no platforms at the surface.

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14
Q

What is fracking?

A

Use of high pressure to open fissures which allows for the extraction of the natural gas

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15
Q

What are 5 examples of potential environmental impacts of fracking?

A 
Natural gas may enter aquifer water
Chemicals may enter aquifers
Toxic metals could become mobile
Large volumes of water is needed
Earthquakes
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16
Q

What are the 2 ways tar sands are extracted?

A

Quarried using large excavators

In-situ production which uses steam injection

17
Q

What are the 3 new technologies for natural gas?

A

Enhanced natural gas recovery
Methane hydrate
Carbon capture and storage

18
Q

How can methane hydrate be extracted?

A

Water heating
Depressurisation
Carbon Dioxide injection

19
Q

What are the 10 properties of renewable energy resources?

A 
Intermittency
Predictability
Energy density
Ease of storage 
Application to current uses of energy 
Environmental impacts
Geographical constraints
Size of available resource
Level of technological development
Economic issue
20
Q

Define secondary fuels.

A

Primary fuels come directly from the environment but may not be in a form that can be used so they are converted to a useable source.

21
Q

What 2 main methods are used to release the chemical energy from hydrogen?

A

Combustion

Fuel cells

22
Q

What problem does energy storage address?

A

Helps to address the disadvantages of energy resources which are only available intermittently.

23
Q

What are the 4 ways hydrogen can be stored.

A

Compressed gas
Liquid
Metal hybride systems
Ammonia

24
Q

What are the benefits of energy storage?

A

Large quantity of fuel can be accumulated for more economic transportation
Energy production rates can be kept constant
Surplus energy can be stored until required

25
Q

What are the causes of fluctuations in energy supply?

A

Use of intermittent energy resources

Bulk delivery of transported energy resources

26
Q

What are the causes of fluctuations in energy demand?

A 
Short term weather related fluctuations
Seasonal fluctuations
Weekday/weekend fluctuations in use
24hr day/night fluctuations
Short term behaviour related fluctuations
Fluctuations in demand
27
Q

What are 4 developments in energy storage technology?

A

Peak shaving using pumped storage HEP
Compressed gas
Chemical energy
Rechargeable batteries

28
Q

What are the 8 types of storage systems?

A 
Vehicle to grid
Power to gas
Heat energy
High volume storage
Molten salt
High thermal mass building materials
Kinetic energy
Electricity supercapacitors
29
Q

How can vehicle design be changed to improve efficiency?

A 
Aerodynamics
Regenerative breaking
Reduced mass
Wheel design
Efficient exhaust gas removal
Engine temperature control
Ignition and control servicing
30
Q

How can a vehicle be designed for end of life?

A 
Use of recyclable materials
Easy identification of components
Easy dismantling and separation
Use of reusable components
Use of compostable materials
31
Q

What are some examples of transport infrastructure and management systems?

A

Integrated transport systems
Smart motorways
Driverless cars

32
Q

What are 6 ways building conservation can be achieved?

A 
Orientation
Building surface area
High thermal mass materials
Low embodied energy materials
Earth Sheltered buildings
Use of insulating materials
33
Q

How can heat loss be minimised in buildings?

A

Improved insulating materials

Window energy conservation

34
Q

What factors affect the rate of heat loss from buildings?

A

Temperature gradient
Thermal conductivity/resistance of materials
Loss of warm air from inside
Chilling effect cause by wind and rain

35
Q

What are the two types of ventilation?

A

heat recovery during ventilation

Automatic ventilation

36
Q

What are 3 energy management techniques?

A

Occupancy sensors
Programmable thermostats
Water heating

37
Q

How can energy be conserved in industry?

A 
Heat recovery
Insulation
High volume storage
Combined heat and power
Integrated manufacture 
Recycling
Mass reduction
38
Q

What are the 4 points to electricity infrastructure management?

A

Peak shaving/pumped storage HEP
High voltage grid
IT management of electricity supplies
Location of new generation capacity and distribution infrastructure

Environmental science (14 decks)

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