Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What affects light penetration?

A

Turbidity

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2
Q

What does marine life at depths rely on?

A

Food produced near the surface

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3
Q

What does algae absorb?

A

Nutrients from the surface

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4
Q

What is an example of abundant and non-abundant nutrients?

A

Abundant - CO2

Non-Abundant - Phosphates

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5
Q

How are phosphates increased in the photic zone?

A

Runoff from rivers

Areas of upwelling

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of Demersal fishing?

A

Trawling

Long Line

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7
Q

What is Demersal fishing?

A

Fishing for species who live on the seabed

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8
Q

What is Pelagic fishing?

A

Fishing for species above the seabed

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of Pelagic fishing?

A

Trawling
Drift nets
Purse seining
Pelagic long line

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10
Q

What are shellfish traps?

A

Baited traps to catch crustaceans

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11
Q

What are the environmental impacts of fishing?

A

Population decline
By-catch
Ghost fishing
Habitat damage

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12
Q

What are the 3 reasons why by-catch may not be wanted?

A

Immature fish
Catch quota is already reacher
Species with no commercial value

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13
Q

What is ghost fishing?

A

Discarded fishing gear can still trap and kill species

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14
Q

What habitat damage can occur?

A
Seabed damage
Coral reef impact
Seagrass beds
Dynamite fishing
Food web impacts
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15
Q

What methods are used to reduce environmental impacts of fishing.

A

Catch Quotas
Fishing equipment design and use
Restricted fishing effort
Restricted Fishing methods

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16
Q

How can fishing equipment design and use be changed?

A
Mesh Size
Mesh Design
Escape Panels
Acoustic deterrent
Hook Shape
Decoys
Sinkers
Night fishing
Biodegradable and radio tracked equipment
17
Q

How can fishing methods be restricted?

A
Ban Drift nets
Bans of demersal Trawling
No-take zones
Turtle bycatch
Closed-season
Minimum catchable size
Maximum catchable size
Protected individuals
Captive rearing and release
18
Q

How can fish populations be monitored?

A

Breeding rates
Overfishing
Maximum Sustainable Yield

19
Q

Why might data be difficult to collect?

A

Species are mobile and move long distances
Distribution of fish populations is often uneven
Collecting representative data may be impractical

20
Q

What data can be collected from fish catches?

A

Catch size
Catch per unit fishing effort
Mean fish size
Mean age

21
Q

What are the principles of aquaculture?

A

Extensive involves minimal inputs
Extensive may be for commercial purposes
Intensive may involve artificial control

22
Q

What 2 factors affect species selection?

A

Local conditions

Market demand

23
Q

What are some desirable characteristics?

A

Disease resistance
Rapid growth rate
Good appearance

24
Q

How are rainbow trout controlled with gender?

A

Female fish given male hormones which allows them to reproduced only producing female offspring which taste better

25
Q

What increases the risk of pests?

A

High stocking densities

No flow in tank

26
Q

What decreases the risk of pests

A

Low stocking densities

Flow created in tank

27
Q

What abiotic factors are there?

A

Temperature
Dissolved oxygen
Daylength
Water flow

28
Q

What happens in extensive oyster auqaculture?

A

Oysters are bred from selected parents

Predators are removed

29
Q

What happens in Salmon aquaculture?

A

Fish with desirable characteristics are chosen
Adult fish are stripped of reproductive cells
These cells are fertilised and bad eggs removed
Once hatched are grown in tanks

30
Q

What are control of factors that can affect salmon aquaculture?

A

Weirs are used to aerate the water
Water flow is kept high
Water flow direction is constant
Food chain is controlled to increase efficiency

31
Q

What is an IMTA?

A

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture - polyculture where species from different trophic levels benefit from each other

32
Q

What are the 3 types of IMTA?

A

Fed aquaculture
Inorganic extractive aquaculture
Organic extractive aquaculture

33
Q

What is aqaponics?

A

Combines hydroponics with aquaculture

34
Q

What are the 3 types of aquaponics?

A

Suitable hydroponics species
Suitable aquaculture species
Rice-fish system