Lower Upper Respiratory Flashcards
discuss acute bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi in the lower
respiratory tract usually caused by infection
- mostly caused by viral infections
- it is a self-limiting condition; treatment is supportive
discuss pneumonia
acute inflammation of lung parenchyma (which is portion of the lung involved in gas exchange aka alveoli) caused by microbial organism
- likely to result when defence mechanisms become incompetent or overwhelmed
what are the 3 ways organisms reach the lungs?
1) aspiration
2) inhalation
3) hematogenous spread from primary infection elsewhere in body
what are the 5 types of pneumonia?
1) community acquired - onset in the community or during first 2 days of hospitalization
2) hospital-acquired pneumonia - occurring 48hours or longer after hospital admission
3) fungal pneumonia - not transmitted from person to person. usually occurs bc fungal infection in pt being treated with corticosteroids
4) aspiration pneumonia - abnormal entry of secretion
5) opportunistic pneumonia - bacterial and viral infections in immunocompromised pts, doesnt normally cause infection; basically body is weak in the kness and is a loser
how does pneumonia happen? watch YouTube about the steps too
1) congestion
2) red hepatization
3) grey hepatization
4) resolution
what is something we do to help manage pneumonia?
appropriate positioning and repositioning to prevent atelectasis
discuss tuberculosis
infectious disease caused by M.tuberculosis, a gram positive acid fast bacillus
- early stages are symptoms free
how does tuberculosis spread?
via airborne droplets
- pt must be in negative pressure
what is the path for tuberculosis?
inhaled bacilli pass down bronchial system and implant themselves on bronchioles or alveoli then they replicate slowly and spread via lymphatic system
how does tuberculosis heal?
by resolution, fibrosis and calcification
- granulation tissue surrounding lesion becomes more fibrous and form a collagenous scar around the tubercle
what happens when tuberculosis lesions heal?
the infection enters a latent period.
- TB infection in this state is present but no clinical manifestations
can you get TB again?
it can reactivate if the hosts defence mechanism becomes impaired
discuss TB complications
military TB
- invasion of bloodstream and spread to all organs
TB pneumonia
- large amounts of bacilli go into the lungs
Pleural effusion and empyema
- caused by bacteria in pleural space
what are the 3 testing for tuberculosis?
1) TB skin testing
- if pos(+) reaction, indicated TB infection present but does not tell if infection is active or latent
2) Chest study
- looking for calcification
3) bacterial studies
- Culture is MOST accurate
what to do if you have TB?
- hospital is not necessary
- non-adherence is a MAJOR factor in multi drug resistance and treatment fails
discuss TB drug therapy
1) directly observed therapy
- watch pts swallow drugs
- non adherence = drug resistance
2) active disease
- 4 drugs used in initial phase for max effect
3) latent TB
- treated with INH for 6-9 months
4) Vaccine
- BCG to prevent TB; will result in positive PPD REACTION
discuss pulmonary fungal infections
found in clients being treated with corticosteroids
- pt doesnt need to be on isolation as it is not transmitted from person to person
- NWO blastomycosis
what is used to treat pulmonary fungal infections?
IV amphotericin B
discuss bronchiectasis
permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi
- almost always associated with bacterial infections
what are nursing management for bronchiectasis?
antibiotics are the mainstream treatment and are often given EMPIRICALLY but attempts are made to culture the sputum
discuss lung abscess
a pus containing lesion of the lung parenchyma that gives rise to a cavity
- antibiotics given for 2 - 4 months usually the primary method for treatment
discus environmental lung disease
result from inhaled dust or chemicals
1) pneumoconiosis (general term for lung disease) = “DUST IN LUNGS”
symptoms may not occur until 10-15 YEARS AFTER exposure
