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NURS 2055 > Fluids and Electrolytes Part 1 > Flashcards

Fluids and Electrolytes Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

State of equilibrium in body and is naturally maintained by the body.

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2
Q

What are 2 compartments of the body?

A

1) Intracellular compartment fluid (ICF) : inside of the cell
2) Extracellular compartment fluid (ECF): outside of the cell

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3
Q

What are the 4 layers of the extracellular compartments?

A

1) Intravascular fluid or blood
2) Interstitial fluid or intercellular fluid
3) Lymph
4) Transcellular fluid

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4
Q

Plasma is what kind of fluid?

A

ECF

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5
Q

Where is most amount of fluid intercellular or extracellular?

A

ICF

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6
Q

What is the best way to measure fluid loss in a human?

A

Body weight changes

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7
Q

How much is 1L in kg and lbs?

A

1L of fluid = 1kg = 2.2lbs

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8
Q

When is the best time to weigh a patient?

A

Morning

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9
Q

True or false? The leaner you are the more water you carry

A

True. More fat = less water

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10
Q

Where is most water absorbed in the body?

A

intestines

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11
Q

What percentage of the body is water?

A

60%

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12
Q

What are cations and anions?

A

Cations = positive
Anions = negative

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13
Q

What electrolytes is mostly found in the ICF?

A
  • Main cation is K (Potassium)
    - Main anions is PO4
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14
Q

What electrolyte is mostly found in the ECF?

A
  • Main cation is Na (sodium)
    • Main anion is Cl (Chlorine)
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15
Q

What are the 4 methods of controlling fluid?

A

1) Diffusion
2) Facilitated diffusion
3) Active transport
4) Osmosis

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16
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

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17
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy but required protein carrier molecule. Ex: glucose moving into the cell

18
Q

fluid movement in the capillaries is determined by which 4 factors?

A

1) Capillary hydrostatic pressure: pressure of blood in the capillaries against the capillary wall

2) Plasma oncotic pressure: if concentration is high in the plasma and low in interstitial, plasma oncotic pressure will pull fluid into the capillary

3) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure: pressure in the interstitial. This pressure works greatly when theres lots of fluid in the interstitial than in the capillaries. this pressure works by drawing the fluid back into the capillaries

4) Interstitial oncotic pressure: if the plasma has less concentration, the interstitum has high, the interstitial oncotic pressure will pull fluid into the interstitial because osmosis moved from low concentration to high
19
Q

Which 2 methods take water out of the capillaries?

A

1) Capillary hydrostatic pressure
2) Interstitial oncotic pressure

20
Q

Which 2 methods take water into the capillaries?

A

1) Plasma oncotic pressure
2) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

21
Q

.

A

.

22
Q

Which end of the capillaries have the highest pressure?

A

arterial end at an hydrostatic pressure of 40mm Hg. venous end is lower at 10 mm Hg

23
Q

How does edema occur?

A

When there’s a fluid shift: plasma to interstitial fluid
1) elevation of hydrostatic pressure
2) Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
3) Elevation of interstitial oncotic pressure

24
Q

How do we get rid of this fluid buildup causing edema?

A

With a fluid shift from interstitial fluid to plasma
- How? By using compression socks which increases the tissue hydrostatic pressure

25
Q

What is a water deficit?

A

high osmolality

26
Q

What is water excess?

A

low osmolarity

27
Q

What symptoms do we look for in terms of any fluid imbalance?

A

Neurological symptoms

28
Q

What are the 3 fluid spacing?

A

1) First spacing: normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF

2) Second spacing: Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid aka edema

3) Third spacing: fluid accumulation in part of body where it is not easily exchanged with ECF.

29
Q

What is ADH?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone from the pituitary gland which stimulates thirst which causes patient to drink. This induces re-absorption of water. Basically helps water absorption.

30
Q

What 2 hormones are regulated by the adrenal cortical?

A

1) Cortisol: stress hormone and anti-inflammatory

2) Aldosterone: encourages sodium retention and excretion of potassium. Remember where salt goes, water follows.

31
Q

Which primary organ regulates fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

renal system

32
Q

Which site of the renal system do ADH and aldosterone work at?

A

renal tubules

33
Q

What does impaired kidney functioning cause?

A

Inability to maintain fluids and electrolytes

34
Q

How does cardia regulation help regulate water?

A

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) hormone released to increase atrial pressure aka increase volume and high serum sodium levels.

- Primary action of ANF is to decrease blood volume by vasodilation and increased urinary excretion of sodium and water.
35
Q

How does the gastrointestinal help regulate water?

A

The GI tract accounts for most of the water intake. Most water is excreted by kidneys and some in feces.

36
Q

How does insensible water loss affect water regulation?

A

Invisible vaporization of water in lungs and skin. It cannot be measured and individual is unaware of the loss of water. Estimate is 900mL a day lost. Increased by high temperature, sweating, exercises

37
Q

How does age related hormonal changes affect ADH and ANP?

A

It will increase

38
Q

What causes most fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

A

Illness or injury

39
Q

define active transport

A

process requiring energy in which molecules move against the concentration gradient. ex: Na/K pump

40
Q

define osmosis

A

movement of water between 2 compartment permeable to water but not to a solute. water moves through the membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high concentration

41
Q

define osmotic pressure

A

the amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water

42
Q

why is osmolality important?

A

Because it indicates water balance of the body

NURS 2055 (18 decks)

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