Fluids and Electrolytes Part 1 Flashcards
Define homeostasis
State of equilibrium in body and is naturally maintained by the body.
What are 2 compartments of the body?
1) Intracellular compartment fluid (ICF) : inside of the cell
2) Extracellular compartment fluid (ECF): outside of the cell
What are the 4 layers of the extracellular compartments?
1) Intravascular fluid or blood
2) Interstitial fluid or intercellular fluid
3) Lymph
4) Transcellular fluid
Plasma is what kind of fluid?
ECF
Where is most amount of fluid intercellular or extracellular?
ICF
What is the best way to measure fluid loss in a human?
Body weight changes
How much is 1L in kg and lbs?
1L of fluid = 1kg = 2.2lbs
When is the best time to weigh a patient?
Morning
True or false? The leaner you are the more water you carry
True. More fat = less water
Where is most water absorbed in the body?
intestines
What percentage of the body is water?
60%
What are cations and anions?
Cations = positive
Anions = negative
What electrolytes is mostly found in the ICF?
- Main cation is K (Potassium)
- Main anions is PO4
What electrolyte is mostly found in the ECF?
- Main cation is Na (sodium)
- Main anion is Cl (Chlorine)
What are the 4 methods of controlling fluid?
1) Diffusion
2) Facilitated diffusion
3) Active transport
4) Osmosis
Define diffusion
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Define facilitated diffusion
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy but required protein carrier molecule. Ex: glucose moving into the cell
fluid movement in the capillaries is determined by which 4 factors?
1) Capillary hydrostatic pressure: pressure of blood in the capillaries against the capillary wall
2) Plasma oncotic pressure: if concentration is high in the plasma and low in interstitial, plasma oncotic pressure will pull fluid into the capillary 3) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure: pressure in the interstitial. This pressure works greatly when theres lots of fluid in the interstitial than in the capillaries. this pressure works by drawing the fluid back into the capillaries 4) Interstitial oncotic pressure: if the plasma has less concentration, the interstitum has high, the interstitial oncotic pressure will pull fluid into the interstitial because osmosis moved from low concentration to high
Which 2 methods take water out of the capillaries?
1) Capillary hydrostatic pressure
2) Interstitial oncotic pressure
Which 2 methods take water into the capillaries?
1) Plasma oncotic pressure
2) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
.
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Which end of the capillaries have the highest pressure?
arterial end at an hydrostatic pressure of 40mm Hg. venous end is lower at 10 mm Hg
How does edema occur?
When there’s a fluid shift: plasma to interstitial fluid
1) elevation of hydrostatic pressure
2) Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
3) Elevation of interstitial oncotic pressure
How do we get rid of this fluid buildup causing edema?
With a fluid shift from interstitial fluid to plasma
- How? By using compression socks which increases the tissue hydrostatic pressure
What is a water deficit?
high osmolality
What is water excess?
low osmolarity
What symptoms do we look for in terms of any fluid imbalance?
Neurological symptoms
What are the 3 fluid spacing?
1) First spacing: normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF
2) Second spacing: Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid aka edema
3) Third spacing: fluid accumulation in part of body where it is not easily exchanged with ECF.
What is ADH?
Anti-diuretic hormone from the pituitary gland which stimulates thirst which causes patient to drink. This induces re-absorption of water. Basically helps water absorption.
What 2 hormones are regulated by the adrenal cortical?
1) Cortisol: stress hormone and anti-inflammatory
2) Aldosterone: encourages sodium retention and excretion of potassium. Remember where salt goes, water follows.
Which primary organ regulates fluid and electrolyte balance?
renal system
Which site of the renal system do ADH and aldosterone work at?
renal tubules
What does impaired kidney functioning cause?
Inability to maintain fluids and electrolytes
How does cardia regulation help regulate water?
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) hormone released to increase atrial pressure aka increase volume and high serum sodium levels.
- Primary action of ANF is to decrease blood volume by vasodilation and increased urinary excretion of sodium and water.
How does the gastrointestinal help regulate water?
The GI tract accounts for most of the water intake. Most water is excreted by kidneys and some in feces.
How does insensible water loss affect water regulation?
Invisible vaporization of water in lungs and skin. It cannot be measured and individual is unaware of the loss of water. Estimate is 900mL a day lost. Increased by high temperature, sweating, exercises
How does age related hormonal changes affect ADH and ANP?
It will increase
What causes most fluid and electrolyte imbalances?
Illness or injury
define active transport
process requiring energy in which molecules move against the concentration gradient. ex: Na/K pump
define osmosis
movement of water between 2 compartment permeable to water but not to a solute. water moves through the membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high concentration
define osmotic pressure
the amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water
why is osmolality important?
Because it indicates water balance of the body
