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Gross Anatomy > Lower Limb muscles > Flashcards

Lower Limb muscles Flashcards

0
Q

Gluteus maximus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Most fibers end in iliotibial tract, which inserts into lateral condyle of tibia; some fibers insert on gluteal tuberosity of femur

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1
Q

Gluteus maximus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament

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2
Q

Gluteus maximus innervation

A

Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

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3
Q

Gluteus maximus action

A

Extends hip joint between flexed and standing positions and assists in its lateral rotation; steadies thigh and assists in rising from sitting position

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4
Q

Gluteus medius origin (proximal attachment)

A

External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

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5
Q

Gluteus medius insertion (distal attachment)

A

Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur

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6
Q

Gluteus medius innervation

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

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7
Q

Gluteus medius action

A

Abduct hip joint; Anterior portions medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated

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8
Q

Gluteus minimus origin (proximal attachment)

A

External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

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9
Q

Gluteus minimus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur

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10
Q

Gluteus minimus innervation

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

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11
Q

Gluteus minimus action

A

Abduct hip joint; Anterior portions medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated

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12
Q

Piriformis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Pelvic surface of 2nd-4th sacral segments; superior margin of greater sciatic notch and sacrotuberous ligament

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13
Q

Piriformis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Superior border of greater trochanter of femur

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14
Q

Piriformis innervation

A

Anterior rami of S1 and S2

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15
Q

Piriformis action

A

Laterally rotates extended hip joint; abducts flexed hip joint; steadies femoral head in acetabulum (stabilizes hip joint)

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16
Q

Gemellae superior and inferior origins (proximal attachments)

A

Superior: ischial spine
Inferior: ischial tuberosity

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17
Q

Gemellae superior and inferior insertion (distal attachment)

A

Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur

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18
Q

Gemellae superior and inferior innervations

A

Superior: same as obturator internus (nerve to obturator internus L5, S1)
Inferior: same as quadratus femoris (nerve to quadratus femoris, L5, S1)

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19
Q

Gemellae superior and inferior action

A

Laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum (stabilizes hip joint)

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20
Q

Obturator internus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Pelvic surface of ilium and ischium; obturator membrane

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21
Q

Obturator internus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur

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22
Q

Obturator internus innervation

A

Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

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23
Q

Obturator internus action

A

Laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum (stabilizes hip joint)

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24
Q

Quadratus femoris origin (proximal attachment)

A

Lateral border of ischial tuberosity

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25
Q

Quadratus femoris insertion (distal attachment)

A

Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it

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26
Q

Quadratus femoris innervation

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

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27
Q

Quadratus femoris action

A

Laterally rotates hip joint; also pulls femoral head into acetabulum to stabilize hip joint/pelvis

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28
Q

Tensor fasciae latae origin (proximal attachment)

A

Anterior superior iliac spine; anterior part of iliac crest

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29
Q

Tensor fasciae latae insertion (distal attachment)

A

Iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral condyle of tibia (Gerdy tubercle)

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30
Q

Tensor fasciae latae innervation

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

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31
Q

Tensor fasciae latae action

A

Flexes hip joint; acts with gluteus maximus to stabilize the extended knee joint

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32
Q

Iliopsoas origin (proximal attachment)

A

Psoas major: Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae

Iliacus: Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, and anterior sacro-iliac ligaments

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33
Q

Iliopsoas insertion (distal attachment)

A

Psoas major: Lesser trochanter of femur

Iliacus: Tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter, and femur distal to it

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34
Q

Iliopsoas innervation

A

Psoas major: Anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2, L3)

Iliacus: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

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35
Q

Iliopsoas action

A

Acting conjointly in flexing hip joint and in stabilizing this joint; psoas major is also a postural muscle that helps control deviation of the trunk and is active during standing

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36
Q

Sartorius origin (proximal attachment)

A

Anterior superior iliac spine and superior part of notch inferior to it

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37
Q

Sartorius insertion (distal attachment)

A

Superior part of medial surface of tibia (pes anserinus)

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38
Q

Sartorius innervation

A

Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

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39
Q

Sartorius action

A

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates hip joint; flexes knee joint

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40
Q

Rectus femoris origin (proximal attachment)

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum

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41
Q

Rectus femoris insertion (distal attachment)

A

Via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon) and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

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42
Q

Rectus femoris innervation

A

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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43
Q

Rectus femoris action

A

Extends knee joint; also stabilizes (helps fix in position) hip joint and helps iliopsoas flex hip joint

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44
Q

Vastus lateralis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera

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45
Q

Vastus lateralis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon) and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; also attaches to tibia and patella via aponeuroses with vastus medialis (medial and lateral patellar retinacula)

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46
Q

Vastus lateralis innervation

A

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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47
Q

Vastus lateralis action

A

Extends knee joint

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48
Q

Vastus medialis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera

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49
Q

Vastus medialis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon) and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; also attaches to tibia and patella via aponeuroses with vastus lateralis (medial and lateral patellar retinacula)

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50
Q

Vastus medialis innervation

A

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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51
Q

Vastus medialis action

A

Extends knee joint

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52
Q

Vastus intermedius origin (proximal attachment)

A

Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur

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53
Q

Vastus intermedius insertion (distal attachment)

A

Via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon) and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

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54
Q

Vastus intermedius innervation

A

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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55
Q

Vastus intermedius action

A

Extends knee joint

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56
Q

Pectineus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Superior ramus of pubis

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57
Q

Pectineus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Pectineal line of femur, just inferior to lesser trocanter

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58
Q

Pectineus innervation

A

Femoral nerve (L2, L3); may receive from branch from obturator nerve

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59
Q

Pectineus action

A

Adducts and flexes hip joint; assists with medial rotation of hip joint

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60
Q

Obturator externus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane

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61
Q

Obturator externus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Trochanteric fossa of femur

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62
Q

Obturator externus innervation

A

Obturator nerve (L3, L4)

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63
Q

Obturator externus action

A

Laterally rotates hip joint; pulls head of femur into acetabulum holding pelvis steady

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64
Q

Adductor longus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest

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65
Q

Adductor longus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Middle third of linea aspera of femur

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66
Q

Adductor longus innervation

A

Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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67
Q

Adductor longus action

A

Adducts hip joint

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68
Q

Adductor brevis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Body and inferior ramus of pubis

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69
Q

Adductor brevis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur

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70
Q

Adductor brevis innervation

A

Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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71
Q

Adductor brevis action

A

Adducts hip joint and to some extent flexes it

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72
Q

Adductor magnus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Adductor part: inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium

Hamstring part: ischial tuberosity

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73
Q

Adductor magnus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
Hamstring part: adductor tubercle of femur

74
Q

Adductor magnus innervation

A

Adductor part: obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

Hamstring part: tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4)

75
Q

Adductor magnus action

A

Adducts hip joint; its adductor part also flexes hip joint and its hamstring part extends it

76
Q

Gracilis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Body and inferior ramus of pubis

77
Q

Gracilis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Superior part of medial surface of tibia (pes anserinus)

78
Q

Gracilis innervation

A

Obturator nerve (L2, L3)

79
Q

Gracilis action

A

Adducts hip joint; flexes knee joint and helps rotate it medially

80
Q

Biceps femoris origin (proximal attachment)

A

Long head: ischial tuberosity

Short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur

81
Q

Biceps femoris insertion (distal attachment)

A

Lateral side of head of fibula; tendon is split at this site by fibular collateral ligament of the knee

82
Q

Biceps femoris innervation

A

Long head: tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Short head: common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

83
Q

Biceps femoris action

A

Flexes knee joint and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends hip joint (ie, when starting to walk)

84
Q

Semitendinosus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Ischial tuberosity

85
Q

Semitendinosus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Medial surface of superior part of tibia (pes anserinus)

86
Q

Semitendinosus innervation

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

87
Q

Semitendinosus action

A

Extends hip joint; flexes knee joint and rotates the leg medially when knee is flexed; when hip and knee are flexed, can extend trunk

88
Q

Semimembranosus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Ischial tuberosity

89
Q

Semimembranosus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia; reflected attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament (to lateral femoral condyle)

90
Q

Semimembranosus innervation

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

91
Q

Semimembranosus action

A

Extends hip joint; flexes knee joint and rotates the leg medially when knee is flexed; when hip and knee are flexed, can extend trunk

92
Q

Popliteus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus (intra-articular, within cavity of knee joint)

93
Q

Popliteus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line

94
Q

Popliteus innervation

A

Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)

95
Q

Popliteus action

A

Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia; may also medially rotate tibia of unplanted limb

96
Q

Tibialis anterior origin (proximal attachment)

A

Lateral condyle and superior 2/3rds of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane

97
Q

Tibialis anterior insertion (distal attachment)

A

Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

98
Q

Tibialis anterior innervation

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

99
Q

Tibialis anterior action

A

Dorsiflexes ankle; inverts foot; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

100
Q

Extensor hallucis longus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

101
Q

Extensor hallucis longus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)

102
Q

Extensor hallucis longus innervation

A

Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

103
Q

Extensor hallucis longus action

A

Extends great toe; dorsiflexes ankle

104
Q

Extensor digitorum longus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Lateral condyle of tibia and superior 2/3rds of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

105
Q

Extensor digitorum longus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

106
Q

Extensor digitorum longus innervation

A

Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

107
Q

Extensor digitorum longus action

A

Extends lateral 4 digits; dorsiflexes ankle

108
Q

Fibularis tertius origin (proximal attachment)

A

Inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

109
Q

Fibularis tertius insertion (distal attachment)

A

Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal

110
Q

Fibularis tertius innervation

A

Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

111
Q

Fibularis tertius action

A

Dorsiflexes ankle; aids in eversion of foot

112
Q

Fibularis longus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Head and superior 2/3rds of lateral surface of fibula

113
Q

Fibularis longus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

114
Q

Fibularis longus innervation

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

115
Q

Fibularis longus action

A

Everts foot, weakly plantarflexes ankle, supports transverse arch of foot

116
Q

Fibularis brevis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Middle part of lateral surface of fibula

117
Q

Fibularis brevis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Dorsal surface of tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal

118
Q

Fibularis brevis innervation

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

119
Q

Fibularis brevis action

A

Everts foot, weakly plantarflexes ankle

120
Q

Gastrocnemius origin (proximal attachments)

A

Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur

Medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle

122
Q

Gastrocnemius insertion (distal attachment)

A

Posterior surfaace of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

123
Q

Soleus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior quarter of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line, and medial border of tibia

124
Q

Soleus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Posterior suface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

125
Q

Soleus innervation

A

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

126
Q

Soleus action

A

Plantarflexes ankle, steadies leg on foot

127
Q

Gastrocnemius innervation

A

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

128
Q

Gastrocnemius action

A

Plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended; raises heel during walking, and flexes knee joint

131
Q

Plantaris action

A

Weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle; function is probably mainly proprioceptive

132
Q

Flexor digitorum longus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and by a broad tendon to fibula

133
Q

Flexor digitorum longus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Bases of distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

134
Q

Flexor digitorum longus innervation

A

Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

135
Q

Flexor digitorum longus action

A

Flexes lateral 4 digits, plantarflexes ankle, supports longitudinal arches of foot

136
Q

Flexor hallucis longus origin (proximal attachment)

A

Inferior 2/3rds of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane

137
Q

Flexor hallucis longus insertion (distal attachment)

A

Base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)

138
Q

Flexor hallucis longus innervation

A

Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

139
Q

Flexor hallucis longus action

A

Flexes great toe at all joints, weakly plantarflexes ankle, supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

140
Q

Tibialis posterior origin (proximal attachment)

A

Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, and posterior surface of fibula

141
Q

Tibialis posterior insertion (distal attachment)

A

Primarily to tuberosity of navicular; also to cuneiform, cuboid, and bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals

142
Q

Tibialis posterior innervation

A

Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

143
Q

Tibialis posterior action

A

Plantarflexes ankle, inverts foot, supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

144
Q

Abductor hallucis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis

145
Q

Abductor hallucis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

146
Q

Abductor hallucis innervation

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

147
Q

Abductor hallucis action

A

Abducts and flexes 1st digit (great toe)

148
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa

149
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits

150
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis innervation

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

151
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis action

A

Flexes lateral four digits

152
Q

Abductor digiti minimi origin (proximal attachment)

A

Medial and lateral tubercles of tubeosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa

153
Q

Abductor digiti minimi insertion (distal attachment)

A

Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

154
Q

Abductor digiti minimi innervation

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

155
Q

Abductor digiti minimi action

A

Abducts and flexes 5th digit

156
Q

Quadratus plantae origin (proximal attachment)

A

Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus

157
Q

Quadratus plantae insertion (distal attachment)

A

Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

158
Q

Quadratus plantae innervation

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

159
Q

Quadratus plantae action

A

Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits

160
Q

Lumbricals origin (proximal attachment)

A

Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

161
Q

Lumbricals insertion (distal attachment)

A

Medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits

162
Q

Lumbricals innervation

A

Medial 1: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Lateral 3: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

163
Q

Lumbricals action

A

Flex proximal phalanges; extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

164
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform

165
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

166
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis innervation

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

167
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis action

A

Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit

168
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Base of 5th metatarsal

169
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

170
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis innervation

A

Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

171
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis action

A

Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion

172
Q

Plantaris innervation

A

Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

173
Q

Plantaris insertion (distal attachment)

A

Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

174
Q

Plantaris origin (proximal attachment)

A

Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament

176
Q

Adductor hallucis origin (proximal attachment)

A

Oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4

Transverse head: plantar ligaments of 3rd-5th metatarsophalangeal joints

177
Q

Adductor hallucis insertion (distal attachment)

A

Tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

178
Q

Adductor hallucis innervation

A

Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

179
Q

Adductor hallucis action

A

Adducts 1st digit, assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot

180
Q

Plantar interossei (3) origin (proximal attachment)

A

Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5

181
Q

Plantar interossei (3) insertion (distal attachment)

A

Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits

182
Q

Plantar interossei (3) innervation

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

183
Q

Plantar interossei (3) action

A

Adducts digits 3-5 and flexes metatarsophalangeal joints

184
Q

Dorsal interossei (4) origin (proximal attachment)

A

Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5

185
Q

Dorsal interossei (4) insertion (distal attachment)

A

1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit

2nd, 3rd, 4th: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits

186
Q

Dorsal interossei (4) innervation

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

187
Q

Dorsal interossei (4) action

A

Abducts digits 2-4 and flexes metatarsophalangeal joints

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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