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MSK Anatomy > Lower Limb 1 > Flashcards

Lower Limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the 2 main superficial veins of the lower limb

A

great saphenous vein

small saphenous vein

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2
Q

how does the small saphenous vein ascend?

A

posterior to the lateral malleolus

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3
Q

which superficial vein empties into the femoral vein?

A

great saphenous vein

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4
Q

which superficial vein empties into the popliteal vein?

A

small saphenous vein

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5
Q

define varicose veins and which superficial vein are they more common in?

A

varicose veins: dilated superficial veins due to incompetent valves - more common in great saphenous vein

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6
Q

what does venous stasis cause

A

thrombus formation

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7
Q

what can venous stasis be caused by

A

muscular inactivity, external pressure on veins (e.g. tight cast)

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8
Q

3 important groups of lymph nodes of lower limbs

A

popliteal, superficial inguinal, deep inguinal

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9
Q

lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein end in___

A

the superficial inguinal nodes

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10
Q

lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein enter the___

A

popliteal lymph nodes

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11
Q

dermatome of medial knee

A

L3

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12
Q

dermatome of little toe

A

S1

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13
Q

dermatome of big toe

A

L5

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14
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

synovial ball and socket

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15
Q

why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder joint?

A

the acetabulum is very deep and the femur head fits into it tightly. there are many hip muscles and ligaments around the joint

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16
Q

what is the acetabular labrum

A

A ring of fibrocartilage (fibrous cartilage) that runs around the acetabulum (cup) of the hip joint and increases its depth

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17
Q

what part of the acetabular cavity does the acetabular labrum cover and what is its function?

A

ring of cartilage that surrounds acetabulum, increases depth of hip joint

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18
Q

the 3 main ligaments of hip joint?

A

iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament

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19
Q

what do the 3 ligaments of the hip joint do

A

iliofemoral - prevents hyperextension of hip joint
pubofemoral - prevents hyperabduction of hip joint
ischiofemoral - prevents excessive extension

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20
Q

movements permitted at hip joint?

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external (lateral), internal (medial) rotation, circumduction

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21
Q

flexors of hip joint?

A

iliacus, psoas major, pectineus

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22
Q

which muscle is the chief flexor of the thigh?

A

iliopsoas muscle

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23
Q

where does the iliopsoas muscle attach to

A

lesser trochanter of femur

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24
Q

main extensor of hip joint?

A

gluteus maximus

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25
Q

when is the gluteus maximus strong and when is it inactive

A

strong - when standing from a sitting position and also climbing stairs
inactive during normal walking

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26
Q

what muscles do the hamstrings include?

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimebranosus

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27
Q

main extensors of the hip joint?

A

gluteus maximus, hamstrings (semimembranosis, semitendinosus, biceps femoris muscle), adductor magnus

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28
Q

which compartment of the thigh are the adductor muscles in

A

medial compartment of the thigh

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29
Q

main adductor muscles of hip joint?

A

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator

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30
Q

what is the adductor compartment supplied by

A

obturator nerve

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31
Q

how does the obturator nerve exit the pelvis

A

exits the pelvis via obturator canal which passes through obturator foramen

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32
Q

main abductors of hip joint and what compartment of the thigh do they lie in?

A
  1. gluteus medius muscle
  2. gluteus minimus muscle
  3. deep gluteal muscles
    3a. piriformis muscle
    3b. obturator internus muscle
    3c. superior and inferior gemelli muscles

there is no lateral or abductor compartment of the thigh.

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33
Q

what is the Trendelenburg gait caused by

A

injury to nerve supply and thus weakness of abductor muscles, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

34
Q

which nerve is damaged in Trendelenburg gait

A

superior gluteal nerve

35
Q

lateral / external rotators of the hip joint?

A 
gluteus minimus
piriformis
obturator internus
superior and inferior gemellus muscle
quadratus femoris
36
Q

medial/ internal rotators of the hip joint?

A

tensor fasciae latae
gluteus minimus
gluteus medius

37
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the thigh muscles

A

anterior/quadriceps/extensors (of knee)
medial/adductors
posterior/hamstrings/flexors (of knee)

38
Q

anterior thigh muscles (6)

A 
tensor fasciae latae
sartorius
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
39
Q

4 heads or parts of quadriceps femoris?

A

rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius

40
Q

which nerve innervates the anterior group muscles?

A

femoral nerve

41
Q

what is the action of rectus femoris?

A

hip flexion, knee extension

42
Q

to which part of the tibia does the patellar ligament attach?

A

tibial tuberosity

43
Q

what is the main action of MOST of the quadriceps?

A

hip flexion, knee extensors

44
Q

what is the most superficial muscle in the anterior thigh

A

sartorius

45
Q

what are the 3 actions of sartorius on the hip joint?

whats the action of sartorius on knee joint?

A
  1. flexion of hip joint
  2. abduction of hip joint
  3. laterally rotates the thigh at hip joint

flexion at knee joint

46
Q

why is sartorius different from all the other leg muscles?

A

sartorius is able to carry out the same action (flexion) at the hip and knee. this is possible as it spirals around the thigh from lateral to medial, crossing the hip joint anteriorly and knee joint posteriorly

47
Q

what are the medial thigh muscles also called

A

adductor group

48
Q

what are the adductor muscles? (6)

A

pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, obturator externus and gracilis

49
Q

which nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles?

A

obturator nerve

50
Q

through which bony foramen does the nerve that innervates the medial thigh muscles enter the thigh?

A

obturator foramen

51
Q

where is the adductor brevis in relation to the pectineus muscle?

A

underneath it, deeper to it

52
Q

which structures pass through the adductor hiatus

A

femoral artery and vein

53
Q

what is the femoral artery a continuation of and at what point does this name change occur

A

changes from external iliac a into femoral a at the inguinal ligament

54
Q

femoral artery enters the thigh midway between which 2 bony surface markings?

A

anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

55
Q

The site for optimally palpating the femoral pulse is?

A

just inferior to the mid-inguinal point, halfway between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine.

56
Q

what is the large branch of the femoral artery which passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings?

A

profunda femoris artery

57
Q

what is the femoral vein a continuation of?

A

popliteal vein

58
Q

the femoral vein passes under the inguinal ligament to continue as which larger vein?

A

external iliac vein

59
Q

which 2 important veins drain into it in the femoral triangle?

A
  1. profunda femoris vein

2. great saphenous vein

60
Q

cannulation of femoral vein is used to carry out what?

A

cardiac angiography

61
Q

what is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus

A

femoral nerve

62
Q

what are the muscles supplied by the femoral nerve?

A

sartorius, pectineus, iliacus, quadriceps femoris

63
Q

what is the femoral triangle?
what forms the medial and lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?
what forms the base?

A

its a triangular depression below the inguinal ligament
medial - adductor longus muscle
lateral - sartorius muscle
base - inguinal ligament

64
Q

contents of femoral triangle

A

femoral nerve, femoral artery and vein

65
Q

what creates the femoral canal, where is the femoral canal in relation to the femoral vessels?
contents of femoral canal?

A

femoral sheath
it is medial to the vessels
contains lymphatic vessels

66
Q

what 3 compartments are the femoral sheath divided into and what do they contain?

A
  1. lateral - femoral artery
  2. intermediate - femoral vein
  3. medial - femoral canal
67
Q

what are the contents of the femoral canal?

A

fat, loose connective tissue, deep inguinal lymph nodes, the lacunar node

68
Q

acronym to remember the order of femoral vessels from lateral to medial?

A 
NAVEL
N- nerve
A- artery
V- vein
E- empty space (femoral canal)
L- lymphatics
69
Q

are femoral hernias more common in males or females and why?

A

females due to the increased width of female pelvis

70
Q

what are other names for the adductor canal?

A

subsartorial canal, Hunter’s canal

71
Q

what does the anterior femoral artery eventually become? and at what point?

A

popliteal artery - at the adductor hiatus

72
Q

what are the contents of the adductor canal?

A

femoral artery, femoral vein, nerve to vastus medialis and the saphenous nerve

73
Q

what is the extent of the adductor canal?

A

from apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus

74
Q

what is the longest cutaneous nerve of the body?

A

saphenous nerve

75
Q

which muscle does the lumbar plexus emerge through?

A

psoas major

76
Q

which nerve roots contribute to the formation of lumbar plexus?

A

ventral rami of L1 - L4

77
Q

what are the main nerves of the lumbar plexus? (5)

A 
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal
genitofemoral
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
obturator nerve
femoral nerve
78
Q

what are the 2 main branches of the lumbar plexus. what are the root values and what compartment of the thigh do they innervate?

A

obturator nerve and femoral nerve (both L2-L4)

obturator nerve innervates medial compartment of the thigh

femoral nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh

79
Q

acronym to remember the nerves of the lumbar plexus

A

I Get Leftovers On Fridays

Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Genitofemoral, Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, Obturator, Femoral

80
Q

which one is more medial, femoral or obturator nerve?

A

obturator

MSK Anatomy (7 decks)

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