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X. MRCS: Anatomy > Lower Leg & Foot > Flashcards

Lower Leg & Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Bones of the foot

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

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2
Q

Tarsal bones

A

Proximal: Talus, Calcaneus
Intermediate: navicular
Distal: Cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform

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3
Q

Talus bone

A

Superior: ankle joint (tib/fib)
Inferior: subtalar (calcaneus)
anterior: talonavicular (navicular)

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4
Q

Calcaneus

A

“heel bone”
Superior: subtalar (talus)
Anterior: calcaneocuboid (cuboid)

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5
Q

Navicular

A

Posterior: talus
Anterior: all 3 cuneiforms
Lateral: cuboid
Tuberosity on plantar surface (tibialis posterior)

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6
Q

Cuboid

A

Posterior: calcaneus
Anterior: 4th & 5th MTT
Inferior surface has groove for fibulas longus

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7
Q

Lateral Cuneiform

A

Anterior: 3rd MTT

Attachment for flexor hallux brevis

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8
Q

Middle Cuneiform

A

Anterior: 2nd MTT

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9
Q

Medial Cuneiform

A

Anterior: 1st MTT

Attachment for: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, fibularis longus

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10
Q

Metatarsals

A

Convex dorsally. Consists of head, neck, shaft and base.
Proximal: tarsometatarsal joints
Lateral: intermetatarsal joints
Distal: metatarsophalangeal joints

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11
Q

Arches of the foot

A

2 longitudinal arches (medial and lateral)

Anterior transverse arch

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12
Q

Medial longitudinal arch

A

Formed by: calcaneus, talus, navicular, first 3 metatarsal bones

Supported by:
Muscle: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, fibulas longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis, intrinsic foot muscles
Ligaments: plantar ligaments, deltoid ligament (medial ligament of ankle)

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13
Q

Lateral longitudinal arch

A

Formed by: calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th MTT

Supported by:
Muscular: fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus, intrinsic foot muscles
Ligaments: plantar ligaments

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14
Q

Transverse arch

A

Formed by: metatarsal bases, cuboid, three cuneiforms

Supported by:
Muscular: fibularis longus, tibialis posterior
Ligaments: plantar ligaments, deep transverse metatarsal ligaments

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15
Q

Borders of the Tarsal Tunnel

A

Floor: medial aspect of tibia, talus, calcaneus
Roof: flexor retinaculum (between medial malleolus and medial tubercle of calcaneus)

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16
Q

Contents of the Tarsal Tunnel

A 
Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial vein
Posterior tibial artery
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
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17
Q

Ankle joint

A

AKA talocrural joint
Formed by tibia, fibular, talus
Hinge joint.
Movements are dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

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18
Q

Ligaments of the ankle joint

A 
Tibiofibular ligaments
Medial ligament (deltoid ligament)
Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
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19
Q

Deltoid ligament

A

Medial malleolus to talus/calcaneus/navicular

Function to resist over eversion of ankle

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20
Q

Anterior talofibular ligament

A

ATFL

Lateral malleolus to lateral aspect of talus

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21
Q

Posterior talofibular ligament

A

PTFL

From lateral malleolus to posterior aspect of talus

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22
Q

Calcaneofibular

A

CFL

Lateral malleolus and calcaneus

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23
Q

Pott’s fracture

A

Bimalleolar/trimalleolar fractures of ankle

  1. Forced eversion pulls on medial ligaments producing avulsion fracture of medial malleolus
  2. Talus moves laterally breaking off lateral malleolus
  3. Tibia is forced anterior shearing off distal/posterior part against talus
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24
Q

Dorsal Muscles of the foot

A

Extensor digitorum brevis

Extensor hallucis brevis

25
Q

Plantar muscles of the foot

A

First layer:
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi

Second layer:
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals

3rd layer:
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

4th layer:
Plantar interossei
Dorsal interossei

26
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis

A

Origin: calcaneus, interosseous talocalcaneal ligament and inf. extensor retinaculum
Insertion: proximal phalanx of great toe and log extensor tendons of toes 2-4
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Function: aids extensor digitorum longus at MTPJs and IPJs

27
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis

A

Origin: calcaneus, interosseous talocalcaneal ligament and inf. extensor retinaculum
Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Innervation: deep fibular n.
Function: aids extensor hallucis longus in extending great toe at MTPJ

28
Q

Abductor hallucis

A

Origin: medial tubercle of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum and plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: medial base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Innervation: medial plantar nerve
Function: abducts and flex great toe

29
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis

A

Origin: medial tubercle of calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: middle phalanges of lat. 4 digits
Innervation: medial plantar n.
Function: flexes lat. 4 digits at PIPJs

30
Q

Abductor digiti minimi

A

Origin: medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: lateral base of proximal phalanx of 5th
Innervation: lateral plantar n.
Function: abductd and flexes 5th digit

31
Q

Quadratus plantae

A

Origin: medial and lateral plantar surface of calcaneus
Insertion: tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Innervation: lateral plantar n.
Function: assists FDL in flexing lateral 4 digits

32
Q

Lumbricals

A

Origin: tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Insertion: extensor hoods of lateral 4 digits
Innervation: most medial: medial plantar n. lateral 3: lateral plantar n.
Function: flexes a MTPJs and extends IPJs

33
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis

A

Origin: plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms, tendon of post. tibialis
Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Innervation: medial plantar n.
Function: flexes proximal phalanx at MTPJ

34
Q

Adductor Hallucis

A

Origin: oblique head: bases of 2nd/3rd/4th MTT. Transerve head: plantar ligaments of MTPJs.
Insertion: lateral base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar n.
Function: adduct great toe

35
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

Origin: base of 5th MTT
Insertion: proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Innervation: superficial branch of lateral plantar n.
Function: flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit

36
Q

Plantar interossei

A

Origin: medial side of 3rd/4th/5th MTT
Insertion: medal side of phalanges 3-5
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Function: adduct digits 3-5, flex MTPJs

37
Q

Dorsal interossei

A

Origin: side of 1-5 MTT
Insertion: 1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of second digit. 2-4th: lateral side of proximal phalanx 2-4
Innervation: lateral plantar n.
Function: abducts digits 2-4 and flex MTPJs

38
Q

Compartments of the lower leg

A

Anterior
Lateral
Deep posterior
Superficial posterior

39
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of leg

A

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Fibularis (peroneal) Tertius

40
Q

Muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Fibularis (peroneal) longus

Fibularis (peroneal) brevis

41
Q

Muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg

A

Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus

42
Q

Muscles in the deep posterior compartment of the leg

A

Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor Digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

43
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

Origin: lateral surface of tibia
Insertion: medial cuneiform and base of 1st MTT
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Function: dorsiflexion and inversion of foot

44
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus

A

Origin: lateral condyle of tibia and medial surface of fibular
Insertion: splits into 4 insertions onto each toe
Innervation: deep fibular n.
Function: extension of lateral 4 toes, dorsiflexion of foot

45
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus

A

Origin: medial surface of fibular shaft
Insertion: base of distal phalanx of great toe
Innervation: deep fibular n.
Function: extension of great toe, dorsiflexion of foot

46
Q

Fibularis (peroneal) tertius

A

Origin: extensor digitorum longus and medial surface of fibula
Insertion: 5th MTT
Innervation: deep fibular n.
Function: eversion and dorsiflexion of foot

47
Q

Fibularis (peroneal) longus

A

Origin: superior and lateral surface of fibula. descends posterior to lateral malleolus and travels under the foot.
Insertion: plantar aspect of medial cuneiform and base of 1st MTT
Innervation: superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Function: eversion and plantar flexion of foot

48
Q

Fibularis (peroneal) brevis

A

Origin: inferolateral surface of fibular shaft
Insertion: tubercle on 5th MTT
Innervation: superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Function: eversion of foot

49
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Origin: lateral head: lateral femoral condyle. Medial head: medial femoral condyle.
Insertion: calcaneal tendon
Innervation: tibial n.
Function: plantar flexes at the ankle joint, moderate flexion of knee

50
Q

Plantaris

A 
Absent in 10%
Origin: lateral supracondylar line of femur
Insertion: calcaneal tendon
Innervation: tibial n.
Function: plantar flexes ankle joint
51
Q

Soleus

A

Origin: soleal line of tibia and proximal fibula
Insertion: calcaneal tendon
Innervation: tibial n.
Function: plantar flexes foot at ankle

52
Q

Popliteus

A

Origin: lateral condyle of femur and post form of lateral meniscus
Insertion: above origin of soleus
Innervation: tibial n.
Function: laterally rotates femur, ‘unlocking’ knee to allow flexion

53
Q

Tibialis posterior

A

Origin: interosseous membrane and posterior surface of tibia and fibula
Insertion: plantar surface of medial tarsal bones
Innervation: tibial n.
Function: inverts and plantar flexes foot

54
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Origin: medial surface of tibia
Insertion: plantar surface of lateral 4 digits
Innervation: tibial n.
Function: flexes lateral 4 toes

55
Q

Flexor Hallucis longus

A

Origin: posterior surface of fibula
Insertion: plantar surface of great toe
Innervation: tibial n.
Function: flexes great toe

56
Q

Tibial nerve, roots and origins

A

L4-S3
Branch of the sciatic nerve
Arising at the apex of popliteal fossa

57
Q

Tibial nerve innervations

A

Motor:
Superficial posterior: plantaris, soleus, gastrocnemius
Deep posterior: popliteal, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior
Intrinsic muscles: all except extensor digitorum brevis

Sensory: 
Combines with common fibular to create Sural nerve
Sole of foot with 3 branches:
Medial calcaneal branches (S1/2)
Medial plantar nerve (L4/5)
Lateral plantar nerve (S1/2)
58
Q

Common fibular nerve, roots and origins

A

L4 - S2
Branch of sciatic
Arising from apex of popliteal fossa

59
Q

Common fibular nerve innervations

A

Motor:
Short head of biceps femoris
Superficial fibular n.: lateral compartment
Deep fibular n.: anterior compartment

Sensory:
Sural (with branches from tibial): 
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve

X. MRCS: Anatomy (18 decks)

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