Lower Leg Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What compartments are leg muscles split into?

A
  • Lateral
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
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2
Q

What nerves supplie the leg muscles?

A

Common fibular nerve:

  • > Sup. Fibular nerve supplies lateral comp.
  • > Deep Fibular nerve supplies Ant. Comp.

Sciatic Nerve -> Tibial Nerve -> Post. Comp.

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3
Q

What type of joint is the ankle and what bones articulate?

A
Synovial Hinge 
Malleolar mortise (fibula & tibia form this bony arch) with trochlea of talus
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4
Q

When is the malleolar grip strongest in the ankle?

A

During Dorsiflexion

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5
Q

When is the ankle joint most unstable?

A

During Plantarflexion

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6
Q

Describe the ligaments making up the ankle joint capsule?

A

Thin on front and back

Strong on the sides thanks to Medial & LAteral Collateral Ligament

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7
Q

Describe the parts of the ankle medial collateral ligament? (Aka deltoid ligament)

A

3 slips arise from the medial malleolus (tibia) to:

  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Navicular

Together they form a large, triangular strong ligament

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8
Q

Function of the medial collateral ligament of the ankle?

A

Stabilises the joint during eversion

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9
Q

Describe the parts and clinical relevance of the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle?

A

3 slips:

  • Anterior Talofibular
  • Posterior Talofibular
  • Calcaneofibular

Its weaker than the medial so its the most commonly injured

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10
Q

What muscles are responsible for Dorsiflexion of the ankle?

A
  • Tibialis Anterior
  • Extensor Digitorum Longus
  • Extensor Hallucis Longus
  • Peroneus
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11
Q

What muscles undertake plantar flexion of the ankle?

A
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Tibialis Post.
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Longus
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12
Q

What movement causes ankle sprains?

A

Inversion

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13
Q

What is a pott Fracture?

A

Refers to bimalleolar fractures

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14
Q

What is Footballer’s Ankle?

A

Repetitive strain injury to the ant capsule of the ankle

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15
Q

What is Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Tibial nerve compression deep to the flexor retinacula

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16
Q

What are the layers of the foot from plantar->in?

A

Layer 1 - Plantar Aponeurosis
Layer 2 - Lateral plantar nerve/artery
Layer 3 - Medial plantar nerve/artery
Layer 4 - Plantar then dorsal interossei

17
Q

Major bones of the foot?

A
Talus - ankle joint
Calcaneus/Os Calcis - Heel bone
Tarsal bones
Metatarsals
Phalanges
18
Q

AT what joints does the ankle move?

A

Ankle Joint – Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

Subtalar joint & Transverse tarsal joint – Inversion & Eversion

19
Q

What muscles handle inversion/eversion?

A

Inversion - Tibialis post & Ant

Eversions - Fibularis Longus & brevis

20
Q

Purpose of the arch of the foot?

A

Shock absorption by deforming on contact
Distribute weight over foot
Springboard during running/walking/jumping

21
Q

Parts of the arch of the foot?

A

1 longitudinal arch made of 3 parts:

  • Medial (most important)
  • Lateral
  • Transverse
22
Q

How is the integrity of the foot arch maintained?

A
  • Shape of united bones
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Long/short plantar ligaments
  • Spring Ligament (Calcaneonavicular)
  • Intrinsic foot muscles
23
Q

List some conditions related to foot arches?

A
  • High arched foot can be congenital
  • Acquired flat feet due to TIbialis post dysfunction
  • Flat Feet is also common in old people and kids
24
Q

What muscles form the Achilles Tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius & Soleus (plantar flexers)

25
Q

How does ankle arthritis arise?

A

Mostly Post-traumatic

If theres no trauma history and they’re young (<50) it may be haemochromatosis

26
Q

How do we treat ankle arthritis?

A

Ankle replacement

27
Q

What is a cavovarus foot?

A

Cavo = high arch
Varus = medially slanted hindfoot
Calves may also be atrophic

28
Q

What causes a cavovarus foot?

A

Congenital
Neuro disorders
Post-traumatic

Leads to muscles weakness:

  • Intrinsic muscles - clawed toes
  • Peroneus Brevis - Hindfoot varus
  • Tibialis anterior - Equinus (can’t dorsiflex properly) and adducted forefoot.
29
Q

How do we spot a varus?

A

Look from the front, if you can see the heel medially its called the “peekaboo” sign

30
Q

How would a cavovarus foot present to us?

A
  • Plantar calluses and shoe problems
  • Ankle instability
  • Altered Gait
  • Stress fracture to lateral metatarsals
31
Q

How do we test for a cavovarus foot?

A

Diagnosed clinically but coleman block test differentiates hindfoot varus or forefoot driven hindfoot varus