Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major types of joitns?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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2
Q

Subtypes of Cartilaginous joint?

A
Primary = Hyaline cartilage only
Secondary = Hyaline & Fibrocartilage
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3
Q

What is a fibrous joint + some examples?

A

Fibrous connective tissue between 2 bones, specifically collagen.

Periodontal ligament, cranial sutures & interosseous membranes

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a synovial joint?

A

Synovial cavity filled with fluid encased in a synovial membrane.
All inside a fibrous capsule with articular cartilage on the outside

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5
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A
Hinge - Knee
Pivot - Atlas & Axis
Ball & Socket - Shoulder
Saddle - Thumb
Condylar - Atlas & Skull
Plane - vertebral facets
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6
Q

Describe the vasculature, lymphatic drainage and nerves supply of a cartilage?

A

Avascular
Alymphatic
Aneural

Hence why synovial fluid is required to remove waste/supply articular cartilage in synovial joints

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7
Q

What do we call the synovial membrane and what does it do?

A

The synovium

Produces synovial fluid and drains it through the capillaries

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8
Q

What are the types of synoviocytes

A

Type A - resemble macrophages & remove debris (somewhat contribute to fluid)

Type B - Resemble fibroblasts and primarily produce synovial fluid

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9
Q

What makes up synovial fluid?

A

1) Hyaluronic Acid
2) Lubricin
3) Fluid component comes from plasma

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10
Q

Functions of synovial fluid?

A

Provide Nutrition to cartilage
Drain waste
Lubrication

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11
Q

Name 3 types of lubrication?

A

Boundary
Hydrodynamic
Weeping

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12
Q

Describe boundary lubrication?

A

Glycoproteins e.g. lubricin bind to receptors on the articular surface to form a thin film

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13
Q

Describe hydrodynamic lubrication?

A

Liquid pressure keeps surfaces apart

The viscosity of the fluid changes with load and velocity on the joint

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14
Q

Describe weeping lubrication?

A

High load causes the fluid in the cartilage to be squeezed into the synovial cavity

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15
Q

What 3 factors affect joint stability?

A
  • Shape of articulating surface
  • Capsule & Ligament strength
  • Muscles e.g. the rotator cuff muscles on your shoulder
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16
Q

Describe the layers within hyaline cartilage?

A

The superficial or Tangential layer is near the articular surface and made of flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoproteins e.g. lubricin

The transitional Layer is below this & made up of round chondrocytes that produce proteoglycans like aggrecan

17
Q

How does collagen orientation change within hyaline cartilage?

A

Its side to side in the superficial layer to deal with shearing forces at the surface

And vertical at the transitional layer to deal with compression

18
Q

Whats the difference between glycoproteins and proteoglycans?

A

Glycoproteinsare mostly protein e.g. lubricin

Proteoglycans are mostly carb e.g. aggrecan