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Lower Extremity > Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Flashcards

0
Q

Iliacus

A

​O: Posterior abdominal wall (iliac fossa, iliac crest, ala of the sacrum)
​
​I: Tendons of psoas major, lesser trochanter and femur

​A: With the origin fixed: flexion and weak ER of hip
With the insertion fixed: Flex the trunk toward the thigh, Tilt the pelvis anteriorly
​
N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

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1
Q

Psoas major

A

O: Posterior abdominal wall (lumbar transverse process, intervertebral discs, and adjacent bodies
from T12 to L5 and tendinous arches between these points)
​
​I: Lesser trochanter of femur

​A: With origin fixed: flexion (coaxial joint) and weak ER of hip
With insertion fixed: Flex the trunk toward the thigh, Tilt pelvic anteriorly

​N: Anterior rami (L1, L2, L3)

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2
Q

Sartorius

A

​O: Anterior superior iliac spine

​I: Medial surface of the tibia just inferomedial to tibial tuberosity at pes anserinus tendon

A: Flexion of hip and knee joint (also weak ER and ABD of the hip and IR flexed knee)

​N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

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3
Q

Quadriceps Femoris: Rectus Femoris

A

​O: Anterior inferior iliac spine

​I: Tibial tuberosity (via the patella and patella ligament)

​A: Flexion of hip joint and extension of knee joint

​N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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4
Q

Quadriceps Femoris: Vastus intermedius

A

​O: Proximal two-thirds of the anterior and lateral surface of the femur

​I: Tibial tuberosity (via patella and patella ligament)

​A: Extension of knee joint

​N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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5
Q

Quadriceps Femoris: Vastus medialis

A

O: Medial part of intertrochantereic line and medial lip of the linea aspera,

I: Tibial tuberosity (via patella and patella ligament)

​A: Extension of knee joint

​N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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6
Q

Quadriceps Femoris: Vastus lateralis

A

O: Lateral lip of linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity and greater trochanter

​I: Tibial tuberosity (via patella and patella ligament)

​A: Extension of knee joint

​N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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7
Q

Pectineus

A

O: Superior ramus of pubis

I: Pectineal line of femur

​A: Adduct, IR, and flex hip joint

​N: Femoral nerve (L2, L3) and possibly Obturator Nerve (L2-L4)

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8
Q

Adductor longus

A

O: Body of the pubis inferior to the pubic crest
​
​I: Distal aspect of the medial lip of linea aspera

​A: Adduct and IR hip joint

​N: Obturator nerve (anterior division) (L2, L3, L4)

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9
Q

Adductor brevis

A

​O: External surface of body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus

​I: Pectineal line and proximal aspect of the medial lip of linea aspera

​A: Adduct, IR, and weak flexion of hip joint

​N: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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10
Q

Adductor magnus

A

​O: Adductor part (AD) – ischiopubic ramus
​ Hamstring part (HM) – ischial tuberosity

​I: AD – Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
​ HM – adductor tubercle and supracondylar line
​
​A: AD: Adduct, IR, and weak flexion of hip joint
​HM: Extend hip joint

​N: AD - obturator (L2, L3, L4)
​ HM - sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L4)

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11
Q

Gracilis

A

O: Inferior ramus of pubis

​I: Medial surface of proximal shaft of the tibia at the pes anserine

A: Adduct hip joint; flexion of knee and IR flexed knee

​N: Obturator nerve (L2, L3)

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12
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

O: External surface of ilium posterior to the posterior gluteal line, posterior surface of lower sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament

​I: posterior aspect of iliotibial tract of fascia lata and gluteal tuberosity of proximal femur

A: Extension and ER of hip joint; lateral stabilization of hip and knee joints

​N: inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

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13
Q

Gluteus medius

A

O: External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines, just below the iliac crest

​I: Lateral surface of the greater trochanter

A: Open chain, all fibers: abduct hip joint
Closed chain, all fibers: holds pelvis secure over stance leg and prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking
Anterior fibers: IR and flex hip
Posterior fibers: ER and extend hip

​N: Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

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14
Q

Gluteus minimus

A

​O: External surface of ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal lines

​I: Anterior aspect of the greater trochanter

A: Abduct, IR, and flex the hip. Stabilize pelvis during unilateral stance

​N: superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

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15
Q

Tensor fascia latae (TFL)

A

​O: Anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest posterior to the ASIS

​I: Iliotibial tract of facia lata

​A: Closed chain: Stabilize the knee in extension
​Open chain: Abduct, IR, and flex hip joint
​
N: Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5,S1)

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16
Q

Piriformis

A

​O: Anterior surface of sacrum between anterior sacral foramina and sacrotuberous ligament
​ ​
​I: Superior border of greater trochanter of femur

A: ER of extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint

​N: Nerve to piriformis (branches from anterior rami of (S1, S2) of the sacral plexus

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17
Q

Obturator internus

A

O: Deep surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone of the internal border of the obturator foramen

​I: Medial side of greater trochanter of femur

A: ER of extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint

​N: nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

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18
Q

Gemellus superior

A

​O: Ischial spine

I: Medial side of the greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

A: ER of extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint
​
​N: Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

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19
Q

Gemellus inferior

A

​O: Ischial tuberosity

I: Medial side of the greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

A: ER of extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint

​N: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

20
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

​O: Lateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity

I: Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the proximal femur between the greater and lesser trochanters

​A: ER of hip joint

​N: Nerve to qaudratus femoris (L5, S1)

21
Q

Obturator externus

A

​O: External surface of obturator membrane and adjacent rami of pubis and ischium
​
​I: Trochanteric fossa of femur

​A: ER of hip joint

​N: Obturator nerve (posterior division) (L3, L4)

22
Q

Biceps Femoris

A

​O: Long head – Ischial tuberosity
​ Short head – Distal aspect of the lateral lip of linea aspera

​I: Lateral side of the head of the fibula
​
A: All heads: Flex and weak ER of knee joint;
Long head: Extend and ER of hip joint

​N: Long head: Sciatic (tibial branch): L5,S1,S2
Short head: Sciatic (peroneal branch): L5,S1,S2

23
Q

Semitendinosus

A

​O: Ischial tuberosity

​ I: Medial surface of proximal tibia at the pes anserine tendon

A: Flex and IR flexed knee, extend and assist IR of hip, tilt the pelvic posteriorly

​N: Sciatic nerve (tibial branch) (L5, S1, S2)

24
Q

Semimembranosus

A

​O: Ischial tuberosity

I: Posterior surface of medial tibial condyle (some slips into oblique popliteal ligament inserting on lateral condyle)

A: Flex and IR flexed knee, extend and assist IR of hip, tilt the pelvic posteriorly

​N: Sciatic nerve (tibial branch) (L5, S1, S2)

25
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

​O: Lateral condyle of tibia; proximal, lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane
​
​I: Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and adjacent surfaces on base of 1st metatarsal

A: Dorsiflexion of foot at the ankle joint; inversion of foot; dynamic support of the medial arch of
foot

​N: Deep (peroneal) fibular nerve (L4, L5)

26
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A

​O: Middle one-half of medial surface of fibula and adjacent surface of interosseous membrane

​I: Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe
​
​A: Extension of the great toe; dorsiflexion of foot at the ankle; invert the foot

​N: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1)

27
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

​O: Proximal one-half of medial surface of fibula, interosseous membrane and lateral tibial condyle

​I: Bases of distal and middle phalanges of lateral four toes via dorsal digital expansion

​A: extension of lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of foot (with some eversion)

​N: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5, S1)

28
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis (The portion to the great toe is the Extensor Hallicus Brevis)

A

​O: Superolateral surface of the calcaneous

I: Base of proximal phalanx of great toe and lateral sides of the tendons of extensor digitorum
longus of 2nd to 4th toes

​A: Extension of metatarsophalangeal and IP joints of great toe and extension of at 2nd to 4th toes

​N: Deep fibular (peroneal) (L4, L5, S1)

29
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

​O: Medial head – posterior surface of distal femur just superior to medial condyle
​ Lateral head – upper posterolateral surface of lateral femoral condyle

​I: Posterior surface of calcaneous via calcaneal tendon

​A: Plantarflexion at the ankle and flexion at the knee

​N: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

30
Q

Soleus

A

O: Soleal line and medial border of the tibia; proximal, posterior aspect of the fibula head and adjacent surfaces of neck and proximal shaft; tendinous arch between tibial and fibular attachment

​I: Posterior surface of calcaneous via calcaneal tendon

​A: Plantarflexion at the ankle

​N: tibial nerve (S1, S2)

31
Q

Plantaris

A

​O: Inferior part of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament of knee

​I: Posterior surface of calcaneous via calcaneal tendon

A: weak plantar flexion of ankle, weak flexion of the knee

​N: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

32
Q

Popliteus

A

​O: Lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle and lateral meniscus

​I: Posterior surface of proximal tibial, superior to soleal line

A: stabilizes knee joint (resists lateral rotation of tibia on femur); unlocks knee joint (laterally
rotates femur on fixed tibia or medially rotates the tibia on a fixed femur), weak knee flexion

​N: Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)

33
Q

Flexor hallicus longus

A

​O: Middle half of the posterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane

​I: Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe

​A: flexion of great toe (at MTP and IP joints); Weak plantar flexion of ankle; Invert the foot

​N: tibial nerve (S2, S3)

34
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

​O: Middle portion of the medial side of posterior surface of the tibia

​I: Plantar surfaces of bases of distal phalanges of the lateral four toes

A: flexion of lateral four toes at MTP and IP joints; Weak plantar flexion of the ankle; invert the foot

​N: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

35
Q

Tibialis Posterior

A

O: Posterior surfaces of interosseous membrane and adjacent regions of tibia and fibula, inferior to the soleal line

I: Primarily to tuberosity of navicular and adjacent region of medial cuneiform; some tendinous attachment to the MT bases 2-4 and other tarsal bones
​
​A: Inversion and plantarflexion of the foot at TCJ; support medial arch of foot during walking

​N: Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

36
Q

Peroneus (fibularis) longus

A

​O: Proximal two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula, head of fibula

​I: Base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform

​A: Eversion of foot, weak plantarflexion; support arches of foot

​N: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

37
Q

Peroneus (fibularis) brevis

A

​O: Distal two-thirds of the lateral surface of shaft of fibula

​I: Tuberosity at the 5th metatarsal

​A: Eversion of the foot and weak plantarflexion of the ankle

​N: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

38
Q

Peroneus (fibularis) tertius

A

​O: Distal part of medial surface of fibula

​I: Dorsomedial surface of base of 5th metatarsal
​
​A: dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot

​N: deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)

39
Q

Abductor Hallicus (1st Layer)

A

​O:Medial process of calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis

​I: Proximal phalanax of the first toe (medial surface) and medial sesamoid bone

​A: Abduct the first toe (MTP joint) and assist to flex the first toe

​N: Medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)

40
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis (1st Layer)

A

​O: Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
​
​I: Sides of plantar surface of middle phalanges of 2nd to 5th toes

​A: Flexion of lateral four toes at proximal interphalangeal joint

​N: medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)

41
Q

Abductor digiti minimi (1st layer)

A

O: lateral and medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis

​I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

​A: Abduction and flexion of the 5th toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

​N: Lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)

42
Q

Quadratus plantae (2nd layer)

A

O: Medial surface of calcaneus and lateral process of calcaneal tuberosity

​I: Lateral side of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

A: Assist flexor digitorum longus in flexing 2nd to 5th toes, changing the angle of force application to be more linear
​
N: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)

43
Q

Lumbricales (2nd layer)

A

​O: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

I: Medial slips into extensor hoods of 2nd to 5th toes

​A: Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5
​
​N: 1st lumbrical – medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)
​ 2nd to 4th lumbrical - lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve (S2, S3)

44
Q

Flexor hallicus brevis (3rd layer)

A

O: Plantar surface of the cuboid, and lateral cuneiforms; tendon of the tibialis posterior

​I: Lateral and medial sides of base of proximal phalanx of the great toe via sesamoids

​A: Flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe

​N: Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)
​

45
Q

Adductor hallicus (3rd layer)

A

​O: Transverse head – ligaments associated with metatarsophalangeal joints of lateral three toes
Oblique head – bases of 2nd to 4th metatarsals​

​I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe

A: Adduction of the great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint and maintain transverse arch, weak flexion

​N: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)

46
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis (3rd layer)

A

​O: Base of the 5th metatarsal and related sheath of fibularis longus tendon

​I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

​A: Flexion of little toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

​N: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)

47
Q

Dorsal interossei (4th layer) (4 muscles – bipennate muscles)

A

O: Sides of adjacent metatarsals

​I: Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of 2nd to 4th toes
​​First: Medial surface of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe
​​Second-fourth: Lateral surfaces of proximal phalanx of 2nd-4th toes

A: Open Chain: Abduction of 2nd to 4th toes at metatarsophalangeal joint; flexion of the metatarsalphalangeal joint and extension of the interphalangeal joint
Closed Chain: resists extension of metatarsophalangeal joints and resist flexion of interphalangeal joint​

N: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)
1st and 2nd interossei may also have dual innervation by deep fibular nerve

48
Q

Plantar interossei (4th layer) (3 muscles – unipennate)

A

O: Medial sides of metatarsals of 3rd to 5th toes

​I: extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd to 5th toes on medial side

A: Open Chain: Adduction of 3rd to 5th toes at metatarsophalangeal joint; flexion of the metatarsalphalangeal joint and extension of the interphalangeal joint
Closed Chain: resists extension of metatarsophalangeal joints and resist flexion of interphalangeal joint​

​N: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S2, S3)

Lower Extremity (5 decks)

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