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A&P 1 IPAP (20-1) > Lower brain > Flashcards

Lower brain Flashcards

1
Q

What connects the pons to the diecephalon?

A

midbrain

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2
Q

One tract of the pair contains axons of motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. What is this tract known as?

A

corticospinal

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3
Q

Where do the axons of the sensory neurons pass through?

A

From the medulla to the thalamus

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4
Q

The tectum contains 2 pairs of rounded elevations collectively known as?

A

Quadrigemina

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5
Q

What component of the posterior structures (passing through the mid brain) connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th lower one?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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6
Q

What are the differences btw the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

superior are reflex centers for visual stimuli and inferior are parts of the auditory pathway

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7
Q

It coordinates pupillary reflexes and accomodation reflex. Also responsible for the involuntary turning of the eye. What is it?

A

superior colliculi

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8
Q

relays impulses from hearing receptors to the thalamus and responsible for the startle reflex. What is it?

A

Inferior colliculi

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9
Q

They are large darkly pigmented nuclei that release dopamine and their loss of neuron is associated with parkinson’s disease?

A

substantia nigra

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10
Q

The rubrospinal tract originates from here and it helps coordinate muscular movements?

A

Red nuclei

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11
Q

Which tract does the red nuclei work with to control large muscles of the shoulder and arm?

A

rubrospinal tract

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12
Q

Does the reticular formation of the brainstem contain any white matter?

A

yes

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13
Q

Does the reticular formation contain both the ascending sensory and ascending motor?

A

No, contains descending motor

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14
Q

What is the main function of neurons that descend from the reticular formation?

A

regulate muscle tone

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15
Q

What part of the reticular formation controls consciousness and participate in awakening from sleep using sensory axons?

A

Reticular activating system

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16
Q

The portion of the brain that possesses the most amount of neurons is known as?

A

cerebellum

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17
Q

The central of the cerebellum is known as vermis, the lateral lobes are the cerebellar hemispheres, what are surface ridges called?

A

folia (cerebellar cortex)

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18
Q

Also referred to as the tree of life, what is the white matter of the cerebellum called?

A

arbor vitea

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19
Q

What bundles of white matter conduct impulses btw the cerebellum and other parts of the brain?

A

cerebellar peduncles

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20
Q

What is the difference btw cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles?

A

cerebral peduncles are anterior structures that conduct impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons, while cerebellar peduncles are posterior structures.

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21
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

monitors motor movements (intention vs action), sends feedback to motor areas of the cerebral cortex, and regulates posture and balance

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22
Q

if the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum initiate skeletal muscle movements, what does the flucolonodular do?

A

equilibrium and balance

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23
Q

What is ataxia?

A

inability to coordinate muscular movements due to cerebellar injuries or diseases

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24
Q

uncoordinated speech muscles is a symptom of what?

A

ataxia

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25
Q

What are the sub-components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

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26
Q

The 2 halves of the thalamus are connected across the 3rd ventricle by a bridge of gray matter known as what?

A

intermediate mass?

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27
Q

It is the main relay station for most sensory impulses that reach primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex, from the spinal cord, brain stem, or mid brain. What is it?

A

thalamus

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28
Q

without the thalamus, which function of the brain will be affected?

A

regulation of autonomic activities and consciousness

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29
Q

What is the thick band of white matter that separates thalamus and caudate nucleus from lentiform nucleus?

A

internal capsule

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30
Q

what is referred to as the major regulator of homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

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31
Q

These serve as the relay stations for reflexes related to the sense of smell.

A

mammillary bodies

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32
Q

What is the stalk of tuberal region that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

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33
Q

It is also known as the bosses boss because it control the gland that controls the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q

what controls the autonomic nervous system, regulates eating, and controls body temperature?

A

hypothalamus

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35
Q

It is superior and posterior of the thalamus and comprises of the habenular nuclei and pineal gland. What is it?

A

eptithalamus

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36
Q

which portion of the epithalamus is involved with olfaction and which is involved with melatonin?

A

habenuclar nuclei and pineal gland respectively

37
Q

what part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord and are its sub-components?

A

brain stem; medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

38
Q

which part of the brain is posterior of the brain stem?

A

cerebellum

39
Q

The largest part of the brain is the?

A

cerebrum

40
Q

what is the collective name for the 3 layers that line the brain?

A

cranial meninges

41
Q

Starting with the innermost, what are the layers of the cranial meninges?

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater

42
Q

What’s the difference between the cranial dura mater and spinal dura mater?

A

cranial has 2 layers while spinal has 1 layer

43
Q

When is the external periosteal layer and internal meningeal layer not fused together?

A

when they seperate to enclose the dural venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain into the internal jugular vein

44
Q

Which tissue separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

falx celebri

45
Q

Which tissue separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

falx cerebelli

46
Q

Which tissue separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

A

tentorium cerebelli

47
Q

What is the source of the ATP synthesized by neurons in the brain?

A

glucose from blood circulation

48
Q

what protects the brain cells form harmful substances and pathogens?

A

blood-brain barrier

49
Q

what parts of the brain lack the blood-brain barrier?

A

pineal gland, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus

50
Q

What part of the brain controls vomiting and senses toxins in the blood?

A

area postrema of the 4th ventricle

51
Q

The BBB is made up of which components?

A

astrocyte foot processes and endothelial cells

52
Q

How does water-soluble and lipid soluble substances cross the BBB?

A

water-soluble (glucose) cross by active transport and lipid-soluble (oxygen, CO2, alcohol, & anesthetics) cross easily

53
Q

Substances like proteins can cross the BBB. T or F?

A

F

54
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Protect the brain & spinal cord against chemical & spinal injuries; carries chemical nutrients to neurons and neuroglia

55
Q

what membrane separates the first and second ventricles (lateral)

A

septum pellucidum

56
Q

which ventricle is surrounded by halves of the thymus?

A

3rd ventricle

57
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

Btw the brain stem and cerebellum

58
Q

It buoys the brain and provides optimal ionic composition. What is it?

A

CSF

59
Q

What has a network of capillaries covered by ependymal cells and produces CSF?

A

choroid plexuses

60
Q

After formation in the choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle, which opening does CSF flow through to get to the 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricular foramina

61
Q

What part of the 3rd ventricle produces more CSF?

A

The roof

62
Q

Through what openings does CSF enter the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle?

A

2 lateral apertures, and a median aperture

63
Q

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood through?

A

arachnoid villi

64
Q

Excess CSF accumulation in the ventricles of the brain leads to?

A

hydrocephalus

65
Q

What happens to the head of a baby with hydrocephalus, whose fontanels has not yet closed?

A

It bulges

66
Q

The brain stem comprises of a network of interspersed gray and white matter called?

A

reticular formation

67
Q

Also known as the vital brain, this component regulates functions upon which life is most dependent on without voluntary action. What is it?

A

medulla

68
Q

Where does the medulla begin?

A

foramen magnum

69
Q

They are the bulges of white matter on the anterior where the largest motor tracts pass form the cerebrum to the spinal cord. What are they?

A

The pyramids

70
Q

The corticospinal tracts are represented by?

A

The pyramids

71
Q

What is the term used to describe the crossing of left pyramid to the right and vice versa?

A

decussation of pyramids

72
Q

What are the masses of gray matter where neurons form synapses with one another in the medulla?

A

medullary nuclei

73
Q

In addition to regulating rate and force of the heartbeat, what else does the medullary neclei do?

A

adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing and promotes swallowing of food (deglutination)

74
Q

coughing, hiccupping, and sneezing are controlled by?

A

medullary nuclei

75
Q

what other nuclei types are the in the medullar?

A

gustatory (input from taste buds), cochlear (input from cochlea of the ear), and vestibular (input from the inner ear)

76
Q

Where does the inferior olivary nucleus relay to and from?

A

to the cerebellum from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the mid brain, and spinal cord propioceptors

77
Q

what is the shape and location of the olives?

A

oval and lateral to the pyramids

78
Q

Associated with touch conscious proprioception, ressure, and vibration, what are the posterior nucei?

A

Right and left gracile nucleus, and cuneate nucleus

79
Q

How does the first order sensory neurons ascend?

A

from the posterior column of dorsal root to the posterior nuclei of medulla

80
Q

How does the second-order neurons ascend?

A

from the posterior nuclei of the medulla to the thalamus through medial lemniscus

81
Q

The tracts of the posterior columns and axons of the medial lemniscus are collectively known as?

A

column-medial lemniscus pathway

82
Q

symptoms of injury to the medulla include?

A

paralysis, loss of sensation to the opposite side of the body, and irregular breathing or heart rate

83
Q

What part of the brain is also known as a bridge that connects one part of the brain with another?

A

Pons

84
Q

What is the function of pontine nucei?

A

They relay signals for voluntary movement form their origin in the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

85
Q

They are bilateral clusters of nuclei that helps to control respiration with the medullary rhythmicity area. What are they?

A

pneumotaxic and apneustic area

86
Q

When the inspiratory center of the medullar is active, where does it generate impulses to?

A

external intercostal muscles

87
Q

The elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall is associated with?

A

exhalation; lack of inspiratory impulses

88
Q

What coordinates the transition btw inhalation and exhalation?

A

Pneumotaxic ares turns off inspiratory area and apneustic area turns on inspiratory area

89
Q

Where does the vestibular and cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve end?

A

Vestibular branch ends in the vestibular nuclei of pons and cochlear branch ends in nuclei in medulla oblangata

A&P 1 IPAP (20-1) (8 decks)

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