Lower body anatomy

Question 1

Flexion

Answer 1

Bending or rounding
ex - flexion of the elbow withthe biceps brachii. The hand moves towards the shoulder with minimal movement in the upper arm.

Question 2

Extension

Answer 2

Lengthening, unbending or arching.
ex - The triceps brachii causes extension of the elbow, thereby straightening the arm.

Question 3

Endo/internal

Answer 3

Inward or medial (rotation).
If the left hip internally rotates, the left knee turns towards the right knee.

Question 4

Exo/external

Answer 4

Outward or lateral (rotation).
A function of the infraspinatus is external rotation of the upper arm at the shoulder. The upper arm rotates outward.

Question 5

Abduction

Answer 5

Moving away from the midline.
During abduction of the thigh -this occurs at the hip joint

Question 6

Adduction

Answer 6

Moving towards the midline or together.
Adduction of the upper arm over the shoulder occurs during a wide-grip lat pulldown with latisimus dorsi.The upper arm moves towards the body, closing the armpit.

Question 7

Retroflexion

Answer 7

Backwards or back towards the body
the arm that was raised forward is brought back toward the body.

Question 8

Anteflexion

Answer 8

Forward or away from the body
a function of the hip where we lift the knee out in front of us.

Question 9

Planes and axes of motion

Answer 9

Sagittal plane, Transverse axis; Frontal plane, Sagittal axis; Transverse plane, Longitudinal axis.

Question 10

Sagittal plane and frontal (transverse) axis

Answer 10

plane divides the body into nearly symmetrical left and right parts
-Movement visible from the side
(forward or backward lunge or raising the thigh or knee forward)

The frontal axis is the rotational axis perpendicular to this plane.
-Angular movement in the hip

Flexion and extension of joints in the limbs and spine.
Tilting the pelvis forward and backward.

Question 11

Frontal plane and sagittal axis

Answer 11

divides the body into a front and back (anterior and posterior)
-Movements that you can clearly see from the front or back
-lifting the arm or leg sideways (abduction), a side raise, Jumping Jack, or lateral lunge.

The sagittal axis is perpendicular to this plane and shows the rotation of joints in this plane.
- The rotation of the shoulder is clearly visible when the arm is raised in front of us at 90 degrees.

movements in the frontal plane and along the sagittal axis:
-Abduction or adduction of the hip or shoulder.
-Tilting the head sideways.

Question 12

Transverse plane and vertical axis

Answer 12

horizontal plane, divides the body into an upper and lower part (superior and inferior), rotational plane

The corresponding rotation axis is the vertical axis.
the trunk’s rotation and the internal and external rotation of the shoulder and hip occur.

(the wood chop, chest fly and mobilizing exercises for the thoracic spine that involve rotation.)

Examples of movements in the transverse plane:
-Rotating the head or trunk;
-Rotating the shoulder or hip in a vertical position;
-Transverse abduction or adduction of the shoulder.

Question 13

Hamstrings

Answer 13

Biceps femoris: Hip extension, external rotation of the hip or lower leg, knee flexion, and stabilizing the pelvis.

Semimembranosus, semitendinosus: Hip extension, internal rotation of the hip or lower leg, knee flexion, and stabilizing the pelvis.

Question 14

Gluteus muscle

Answer 14

Gluteus maximus: Hip extension, external rotation of the hip, hip abduction (upper fibers), and hip adduction (lower fibers).

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus:
Hip abduction, hip internal rotation (anterior fibers), and pelvic stabilization.

Question 15

Tensor fasciae latae

Answer 15

Hip internal rotation, weak in hip abduction and knee external rotation.

Question 16

Adductors

Answer 16

Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, en pectineus:
Hip adduction and pelvic stabilization.

Other functions:
- Adductor longus: hip flexion and hip extension when the hip is beyond 70-80 degrees of anteflexion.
- Adductor brevis: hip flexion and hip external rotation.
- Adductor magnus: hip flexion and hip extension when the hip is in flexion.

Question 17

Quadriceps

Answer 17

Quadriceps femoris: vastus (medialis, lateralis en intermedius), rectus femoris: Hip flexion (only rectus femoris), knee extension.

Question 18

Hip flexors

Answer 18

Iliopsoas (iliacus en psoas major:
At the hip: flexion and external rotation of the leg. In the trunk: extension of the spine and lateral flexion of the spine at the hip.

Question 19

calf muscles

Answer 19

Gastrocnemius en soleus: Knee flexion (only gastrocnemius) and plantar flexion of the ankle.

Question 20

hip hinge

Answer 20

flexing and extending the hip while keeping the torso stable

Question 21

The hip join

Answer 21

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint connecting the femur to the pelvis. It offers multiple degrees of freedom and consists of a socket and a spherical head. The surfaces of both the socket and the head are covered with cartilage, allowing them to move smoothly

Question 22

Hip disassociation

Answer 22

The ability to move the hip without moving the back or pelvis