Low vision Flashcards
General guidelines for treating adults with low vision include the following:
Provide client education on home and work modifications to improve performance of vision-related activities.
Use adequate lighting without _____- (Hooper & Bello-Haas, 2009).
Organize and declutter the physical and visual environments (Hooper & Bello-Haas, 2009).
Improve contrast between objects and work surfaces (Foti & Koketsu, 2013).
Use a large ____ (14 to 16 points or larger) and black ink on a white surface (e.g., paper, whiteboard) for handouts and home programs (Hooper & Bello-Haas, 2009).
Perform driver evaluation for adults whose visual impairment is stable (AOTA, 2011).
glare
font
General guidelines for treating adults with low vision include the following:
Educate clients on ___-prevention strategies such as increasing lighting, reducing clutter, scanning the environment for obstacles, and using contrast to increase their ability to see step edges (Leland et al., 2012).
Educate clients about and refer them as needed to appropriate community resources, such as orientation and mobility specialists (Hooper & Bello-Haas, 2009; Foti & Koketsu, 2013).
A client should be referred to certified orientation and mobility specialists when the client has difficulty with or must learn new strategies for crossing streets, planning routes, detecting curbs or drop-offs, walking along rural roads without sidewalks, following public transit routes, using a long white cane, or staying oriented within a particular (often complex) environment
fall
Assess ____ visual acuity using the Lighthouse Near Visual Acuity Test
Assess ______ visual acuity using the Snellen E chart or the Tumbling E chart (for individuals who are illiterate or may have aphasia)
near
distance
Assess _________ using the Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart
contrast
Assess the _________ visual field using confrontation testing, which provides a gross measurement of visual fields: “The client fixes on a central target and acknowledges the appearance of stimuli” in the visual fields
Assess the central visual field using the Amsler grid.
peripheral
Interventions for visual acuity
Eccentric viewing
Teach clients with central vision loss to rotate the _____ or turn the trunk to view an object using an area of the peripheral vision called the preferred retinal locus (AOTA, 2011; Hooper & Bello-Haas, 2009).
Magnification options
Train the client to use relative _______ magnification, including moving closer to an object in order to make it relatively larger. For example, if a client is unable to read a sign, the client is encouraged to move closer to the sign in order to provide relative distance magnification.
Train the client to use relative size magnification, in which the size of the object is increased. For example, the client could use a large-print calendar to organize appointments.
Recommend items such as large-print books or magazines, talking clocks (Hooper & Bello-Haas, 2009), large-print labels, large checks and checkbooks, large-button phones, and other large-print products (Glover & Wright, 2013; Leland et al., 2012).
Teach clients how to use their other senses to compensate for vision impairments, called sensory substitution (Hooper & Bello-Haas, 2009; Leland et al., 2012).
Explain to clients how to use _____ markers (e.g., bump dots, puff paint) to mark the most frequently used settings on appliances (e.g., dishwashers, stoves, microwaves) or to help in locating numbers on the telephone (Leland et al., 2012).
Educate clients about writing guides that use their tactile skills to help them write on the line (Glover & Wright, 2013).
Use auditory or talking items (e.g., talking watches, clocks, thermometers; Glover & Wright, 2013; Leland et al., 2012).
Recommend optical devices and provide training in their use.
Refer clients to an appropriate low-vision specialist (e.g., physician, eye doctor) to determine which optical devices may be beneficial (e.g., magnifiers, telescope; Weisser-Pike & Kaldenberg, 2010).
Instruct clients in how to use prescribed optical devices along with magnification during daily activities
head
distance
tactile
Interventions for visual acuity
Closed circuit television (CCTV) and electronic magnifiers are devices that provide high contrast and high levels of magnification for near-distance tasks.
Make sure that clients use prescribed optical devices correctly, for example, by ensuring appropriate ______ and distance from objects (Leland et al., 2012). Promote habits involving the devices, including taking the device with them in order to read, locating the device’s focal distance efficiently and accurately, and using the device for a variety of tasks.
Educate clients about computer adaptations such as electronic magnification programs or equipment, screen-reading software, and software programs that convert sound to text (Mann & Hicks, 2009).
Digital books, tablets, and other electronic devices have screens that can magnify text
Lighting
Increase the types and locations (e.g., close to task) of lighting available to the client, and have the client take steps to avoid glare by wearing a hat or tinted glasses both indoors and outdoors (Glover & Wright, 2013).
Contrast
Instruct clients in the use of contrast to improve the visibility of objects in the environment (AOTA, 2011; Hooper & Bello-Haas, 2009).
Colors that contrast with or are opposite to each other (e.g., blue and yellow, black and white) can be used to help objects stand out from the background (e.g., coffee in a light-colored mug; milk in a dark mug; dark markers on white paper; Leland et al., 2012).
Bold-lined paper and bold-tipped pens can be used to increase contrast and improve reading and writing ability (Glover & Wright, 2013).
Contrast can be improved by eliminating patterned backgrounds.
Organization
Instruct clients in reducing visual and physical clutter and improving organization to increase safety and ease in locating items (e.g., arrange medications in a pill organizer rather than leaving them in the medication containers on a cluttered counter; AOTA, 2011).
lighting
________: covering one of the eyes to reduce diplopia. OT practitioners can provide occlusion only under the direction of an ophthalmologist or optometrist.
_____: used to re-establish single vision. Prisms can be provided only by an ophthalmologist or optometrist.
Eye exercises: restore binocular function. Eye exercises are provided under the direction of an ophthalmologist or optometrist.
Surgery: changes the position of the eye in the socket to eliminate diplopia. Surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist.
Occlusion
Prism
Homonymous hemianopsia is a type of vision loss following brain injury in which _____ of the
visual field in each eye is lost.
half
_______ low vision is defined as visual acuity of 20/200 or worse, or visual field of 20° or less.
Severe
_______ low vision is defined as 20/70 to 20/160 visual acuity.
C: Near-normal vision is defined as 20/30 to 20/60 visual acuity.
D: Profound low vision is defined as 20/500 to 20/1000 visual acuity.
Moderate
Visual _____ deficit results in a narrowing of visual search and scanning, slowing of scanning to the blind side, missing or misidentified visual detail, and reduced visual monitoring of the hand. The primary activities affected are functional mobility, reading, and writing. Anxiety is common in people with visual field deficit because of challenges using scanning and visual search to negotiate environments.
field
Confrontation testing provides a gross assessment of how much peripheral vision the client has and is used to assess visual _______.
field
