LOW RESPIRATORY TRACT Flashcards
Which of the following inhaled medications is/are (a) short-acting beta agonist(s?
a) Salmeterol
b) Salbutamol
c) Fenoterol
d) Formoterol
e) Terbutaline
B
Which of the following local side-effects is most associated with
inhaled beclometasone?
a) Dry mouth
b) Oral candidiasis
c) Metallic taste
d) Dental caries
B
what is bronchitis?
inflammation of the bronchi
Acute bronchitis
common clinical conditions characterized by an acute onset but persistent cough, with or without sputum production.
chronic bronchitis
chronic inflammatory condition, characterized by thickened, oedematous bronchial mucosa with mucous gland and hypertrophy
what normally causes chronic bronchitis?
caused by smoking
Often co-exists with
emphysema – both what?
airflow limitation and COPD
Acute bronchitis vs pneumonia
acute bronchitis: caused by mycoplasma pneumonia. mucus in the airway. inflamed and edematous large airway.
pneumonia: caused by streptococcal pneumonia. inflamed and edematous of small and large airways. pus, mucus and alveoli filled with fluid leading to lung consolidation.
symptoms of acute bronchitis
- acute onset, persistent cough, concurrent upper respiratory tract infection and mild dyspnea.
symptoms of pneumonia
dyspnea
lung consolidation
abnormal vitals
high temperature
acute/ subacute onset cough.
Acute bronchitis: treatment approach
resolve in about 1-3 weeks.
antibiotics are not recommended.
nonpharmacological options for cough relief?
such as throat lozenges,
hot tea, honey, steam inhalation, adequate hydration and/or smoking
cessation or avoidance of second-hand smoke is a reasonable first
step. * Cough preparations
* Paracetamol for pain and fever
What are the different types of cough preparations?
- Antitussives
- Mucolytics
- Expectorants
What types of cough are they used for?
for Dry cough - for antitussives
wet cough for- mucolytics and expectorants
Mechanism of action and examples
* Antitussives
* Mucolytics
* Expectorants
- Antitussives : codeine phosphate, methadone and dihydrocodeine
- Mucolytics: N-acetylcysteine and Bromhexine.
- Expectorants: Guaifenesin (Mucinex, Robitussin Chest Congestion
Cautions for cough preparations.
Mucolytics: bronchospasm
GIT irritation
rash
fever
Headache
Antitussives (Cough Suppressants): drowsiness, headache constipation, confusion, excitement and sedative
Expectorants: drowsiness, headache
constipation.
Part of COPD, and sometimes with emphysema are characterized by:
chronic cough with or without sputum
shortness of breath
wheezing
if the symptoms suggest TB it will be ?
weight loss, night sweats and fever