Drugs for oral and dental conditions

Question 1

Oral and dental hygiene: prevention and maintenance.

Answer 1

Fluoride: is effective in preventing dental caries by inhibiting the demineralization of tooth enamel, enhancing the remineralization of enamel, and inhibiting bacterial enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates by cariogenic bacteria.

Question 2

What are sources of Fluoride

Answer 2

Toothpaste. fluoride drinking water, professional applied topical fluorides and oral fluorides supplementation.

Question 3

Importance of oral health and hygiene

Answer 3

because it is linked to dental disease affecting teeth
periodontal gum disease
many chronic diseases, including heart disease and diabetes.

Question 4

Dental caries

Answer 4

is when complex bacteria biofilm disease that creates prolonged periods of low pH
in the mouth, resulting in a net mineral loss, and thus destruction of the hard layers, of the
teeth.

Question 5

name the most common organism causing dental caries

Answer 5

Streptococcus mutants and lactobacillus bacteria.

Question 6

dental symptoms

Answer 6

tooth sensitivity (decay)
mild to sharp pain when eating or drinking sweet, hot and cold fluids

visible holes or pits in teeth
brown, black, orange, or white staining on tooth surfaces
pain on biting
toothache

Question 7

Dental caries: aetiology

Answer 7

• A systematic review of the literature revealed consistent evidence
  supporting the relationship between the amount of sugars consumed
  and dental caries development, giving support to the theory that
  bacterial fermentation of sugars contributes to the creation of an
  acidic environment. * Host genotypes, microbiomes, lifestyle, and oral hygiene contribute
  as independent influential factors to the complex aetiology.

Question 8

dental abscess

Answer 8

is an acute or chronic suppuration related to teeth, due to infection.

Question 9

Name the characteristics of dental abscess

Answer 9

• Acute, severe, throbbing pain
• Swelling adjacent to the tooth, or on the face
• Pain worsened by tapping on affected teeth
• Restricted mouth opening or difficulty chewing
• Pus collection located around the tooth or at the apex of the root

Question 10

The initial treatment for dental abscess

Answer 10

Amoxicillin plus metronidazole for 5 days

Question 11

but severe dental abscess

Answer 11

Azithromycin for 3 days

for pain paracetamol

Question 12

Periodontal disease

Answer 12

infection and inflammation of the gums and bone that surround and support the tooth.

Question 13

at an early stage of periodontal the gums appear ?

Answer 13

swollen, red, and bleeding

and this disease is the leading cause of tooth loss.

Question 14

on GINGIVITIS

Answer 14

when the calculus builds up on teeth and the gums are inflamed -red

Question 15

on Periodontitis

Answer 15

the inflammation of the gums causes them to separate from the tooth forming pockets

Question 16

Advance periodontitis

Answer 16

Severe bone loss, deep pockets, tooth is in danger of fallig off.

Question 17

The intense inflammatory
reaction results

Answer 17

in gums separating from the teeth and the creation of
pockets that become infected.

Question 18

Organism identified d in the pocket

Answer 18

Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
bacteria have been indicated in the pathogenesis of adult periodontitis

Question 19

Periodontal disease: risk factors

Answer 19

• Poor oral hygiene
• Smoking
• Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
• Stress
• Underlying immunodeficiencies
• Dry mouth

Question 20

complication gingivitis can lead to ?

Answer 20

Periodontitis

due that the gums will from the teeth, froming pockets/ recess where the pus and bacteria will collect causing periodontitis

Question 21

Characteristics of uncomplicated gingivitis:

Answer 21

• Pain * Redness
• Bleeding * Swollen gums
• Gum recession may occur

Question 22

Gingivitis: prophylaxis and general measures

Answer 22

Oral hygiene is usually adequate to prevent superficial mouth and gum
infection:
* Oral hygiene after each meal to remove plaque and food debris.

• Brush teeth twice daily.
• Floss teeth at least once daily.
• Rinse mouth with homemade salt mouthwash for one minute twice
  daily (i.e. ½ medicine measure of table salt in a glass of lukewarm
  water).

Question 23

Periodontitis

Answer 23

Progressive gingivitis to the point where the underlying bone is
eroded. It is characterised by loose teeth and is a cause of tooth loss in
adults

Question 24

Necrotising periodontitis

Answer 24

An acute, very painful infection of the gingival margin.

Question 25

characteristic of necrotizing periodonttits

Answer 25

• Foul smelling breath
• Necrosis and sloughing of the gum margin, especially of the
  interdental papillae
• Loss of gingiva and supporting bone around teeth
  May be associated with underlying disease, e.g. HIV.
  May lead

Question 26

Necrotising periodontitis: treatment

Answer 26

Metronidazole
Brush, floss, rinse mouth with water and then rinse with: * Chlorhexidine 0.2%, 15 mL as a mouthwash, twice daily, for 5 days

Question 27

Aphthous ulcers- Canker sores

Answer 27

• Painful shallow, round or oval lesions with a
  white to yellow pseudomembrane and a well-defined erythematous border. * In the mouth on inner oral tissues,
  including the lips, cheeks, and tongue, not
  the gums, hard palate and dorsum of the
  tongue.

Question 28

what do the major Aphthous ulcer indicate ?

Answer 28

Advance HIV

Question 29

Aphthous ulcers: general measures

Answer 29

Eliminating nuts, chocolate, acidic food and drink, salty and/or spicy
foods, alcoholic and/or carbonated beverages from diet * Avoiding oral products containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). These
may trigger the formation or delay healing.

Question 30

Treatment of minor ulcers

Answer 30

Paracetamol, * Children > 6 years of age and adults
* Tetracaine topical, applied every 6 hours. * Apply a thin layer on the affected areas only (may be used inside
mouth)

Question 31

Herpes simplex infections of the mouth and lips

Answer 31

Acute, painful vesicular eruptions of
the lips or ulcerations of the lips
and mouth caused by Herpes
simplex virus and characterised by: * shallow, painful ulcers on the lips,
gingiva, tongue and pharynx
* pain exacerbated by eating

Question 32

how is HSV transmitted

Answer 32

primary occurred when HSV1 is transmitted via nonsexual contact during childhood.

now by direct contact with virus-infected mucus or open skin.

Question 33

HSV enters and replicate, then become latent

Answer 33

after becoming latent it can be found in the local ganglia, epidermis and dermis. can be reactivated known as acute herpes stomatitis.

Reactivation appears to be affiliated with stress, extreme
temperatures, direct sunlight, fever, menstruation, and trauma

Question 34

Impetigo cause of Herpes simplex infection

Answer 34

start as cold sore lesion begin on the Lips, gingiva, tongue and pharynx raptures and fuse forming larger crusty yellow lessions

Question 35

The lesions are associated with prodromal symptoms: impetigo

Answer 35

tingling, pain, itching, burning.

Question 36

Herpes simplex: medicine treatment

Answer 36

• Cover lesions on the lips with petroleum jelly. * Pain: Paracetamol
  Extensive oral herpes: * For children > 6 years and adults: * Tetracaine topical, applied every 6 hours. * Apply a thin layer on the affected areas only (may be used inside mouth).

Question 37

• HIV-infected patients with herpes infections of the lips or mouth.

Answer 37

Antiviral treatment: acyclovir for 7 day