Louis Pojman: Utilitarianism and the Structure of Ethics

Question 1

What is utilitarianism?

Answer 1

Utilitarianism is a moral theory that holds that the right action is the one that produces the greatest overall happiness (or utility) for the greatest number of people.

Question 2

What is the principle of utility?

Answer 2

The principle of utility states that we should always act in ways that maximize overall happiness or minimize suffering, considering all affected parties.

Question 3

What are higher pleasures, according to utilitarian thought?

Answer 3

Higher pleasures are intellectual, moral, or artistic pleasures (e.g., reading, creating art, philosophical thought) that are seen as more valuable than mere physical or sensual pleasures.

Question 4

What are lower pleasures?

Answer 4

Lower pleasures are bodily or sensual pleasures (e.g., eating, drinking, sex) that are often seen as easier to satisfy but less fulfilling in the long run.

Question 5

What is the test for distinguishing higher from lower pleasures?

Answer 5

The test is: Which pleasures would a competent judge (someone who has experienced both types) prefer? If someone who knows both consistently prefers the higher pleasure, it is considered more valuable.