James Rachels: The Challenge of Cultural Relativism

Question 1

What is cultural relativism and what does it entail about morality?

Answer 1

Cultural relativism is the view that moral values are relative to cultures, meaning there’s no objective truth in ethics — only what each society believes.

Question 2

What are Rachels’ criticisms of cultural relativism?

Answer 2

1. It prevents moral criticism of harmful practices (e.g., slavery)
2. It confuses tolerance with moral truth
3. It denies the possibility of moral progress

Question 3

What is ethical imperialism, according to Rachels’ concerns?

Answer 3

Ethical imperialism is the opposite extreme, where one imposes their own culture’s morals on others, assuming they are universally correct.

Question 4

what is ethical absolutism?

Answer 4

It’s the belief that there is one right set of moral standards that applies everywhere, regardless of cultural differences.

Question 5

What is ethical objectivism?

Answer 5

Ethical objectivism holds that some moral truths are universal, even if practices vary — like prohibitions against unjust killing or lying.

Question 6

According to Rachels, what principles can guide moral judgment across cultures?

Answer 6

He suggests identifying common values across cultures (e.g., truth-telling, caring for children) and using reason to assess whether a practice harms or helps.

Question 7

What might be considered core values in Rachels’ argument?

Answer 7

• Minimizing harm
• Promoting well-being
• Respecting others’ interests

Question 8

What are some guidelines for ethical leadership based on Rachels’ analysis?

Answer 8

Answer:

• Promote critical thinking about moral claims
• Avoid blind acceptance of cultural norms
• Balance respect for diversity with universal moral concern