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Migration > Looking West > Flashcards

Looking West Flashcards

1
Q

When and what did Columbus discover

A

West Indies in 1492 whilst working for Spain

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2
Q

Why did the English want to beat Spain

A

English were Protestant and Spain was Catholic -> a fight to spread ideas

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3
Q

What did John Cabot discover and when

A

Newfoundland in 1497

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4
Q

When was Barbados discovered

A

1625

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5
Q

Why was Spain a threat

A

Had an earlier advantage in the Americas and Caribbean -> had the monopoly on all resources and trade as well as converting people to Catholicism

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6
Q

Difference between privateer and pirate

A

Privateer has permission from the monarch to attack foreign ships and steal as long as the stolen goods were shared with the monarch

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7
Q

How successful was English privateering

A

10-15% of all Spanish treasure ships were successfully captured

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8
Q

Give an example of one of Elizabeth’s sea dogs

A

John Hawkins
- in 1562, he came into possession of a cargo of 300 slaves after attacking a Portuguese fleet

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9
Q

What happened to the pirates

A
  • by 1720, it was rare in the Caribbean
  • monarchs stopped commissioning as many privateers because plantations became better way to profit
  • navy began intense anti-piracy activity
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10
Q

Examples of British Settlement in the Americas

A
  • Newfoundland
  • Jamestown (1607)
  • Barbados (1625)
  • Bahamas (1718)
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11
Q

What % of all imports were sugar

A

20% of all imports in Europe were sugar by 1750

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12
Q

Why were enslaved Africans better than indentured labourers

A
  • cheaper
  • owned
  • more consistent and could be brought to the Americas
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13
Q

Why go to the Americas?

A
  • there were religious conflicts in Britain -> puritans and Catholics felt persecuted and left for freedom
  • plantations could be profited off of -> had ‘cash crops’ like cotton, tobacco and sugar
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14
Q

How many white settlers were in Virginia

A

42,000 by 1700

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15
Q

Royal African Company

A

Started in 1672 and was endorsed by the king to trade slaves

Transported 60,000 slaves between 1680 and 1688

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16
Q

How much money did Britain make from slavery

A

£60 million between 1761 and 1808

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17
Q

What belief did slavery create

A

That Europeans were superior to Africans

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18
Q

Sir Walter Raleigh

A
  • went to South America to hunt for gold in 1595 (El Dorado)
  • in 1584, was laid to establish settlements in North America
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19
Q

How many colonies did Britain have in America

A

13

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20
Q

Virginia

A

1607
- good source of land for plantations

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21
Q

Massachusetts

A

1630
- Puritans wanted a place where they could be free to practice their religion

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22
Q

Georgia

A

1732
- needed a buffer zone between South Carolina and Florida (owned by Spain) to keep SC safe

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23
Q

What was the first colony established in North America

A

Roanoke in 1587

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24
Q

Jamestown was the project of what

A

Virginia Company

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25
Q

What was the main export of Jamestown? How many lbs were they producing a year?

A

Tobacco
3,000,000 lbs a year by 1680s

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26
Q

New Plymouth

A
  • British Puritans arrived in 1620 on the Mayflower to escape persecution -> became the Pilgrim Fathers
27
Q

What happened as a result of New Plymouth

A

More than 20,000 settlers arrived in Massachusetts between 1629 and 1640

28
Q

Jamestown

A

Founded in 1607
Led by John Smith
Attack in 1622 where nearly 350 colonists died

29
Q

The starving time

A

Winter 1609–1610
100s died from starvation

30
Q

What did the number of Native Americans in ‘British’ territories reduce to

A

In 1500, there were around 560,000 but by 1700 there were less than 280,000

31
Q

John Rolfe

A

Married Pocahontas and converted her to Christianity and changes her name to Rebecca

-> first interracial church wedding in US history

32
Q

Causes of the War of Independence

A
  • settlers built up a sense of independence of being American rather than British
  • started to resent having to pay tax to English king
33
Q

The Stamp Act

A

1765
- colonists in NA had to pay money to Britain to use special stamped paper
- colonists boycotted British products

34
Q

Townshend Act

A

1767
- British put a tax on glass, lead and other things that was sold in NA
- more boycotting

35
Q

Boston Massacre

A

1770
- a British tax collector was trying to gather money
- the colonists started throwing snowballs and British soldiers shot at them killing 5 colonists

36
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

1773
- threw crates of tea into Boston Harbour in protest

37
Q

Intolerable Acts

A

1774
- series of strict laws to punish the colonists
- closed down the Boston port
- banned polictical meetings without permission from the British government
- made colonists house and feed British troops stationed in the colonies

38
Q

When was the Declaration of Independence signed

A

1776

39
Q

When was the War of Independence

A

1775-1783

40
Q

When did the British surrender

A

In Yorktown in 1781
They then signed the Peace Treaty in 1783

41
Q

Advs and dis that Britain had

A
  • more experienced fighters
  • strong and stable government
  • lots of money + best navy
  • French hated them and helped cut off their supplies
  • didn’t have enough soldiers to control all the land by force
  • couldn’t operate away from harbours as they wouldn’t have access to supplies
42
Q

Advs and dis that America had

A
  • get money and manpower from allies -> France and Netherlands
  • Britain distracted by other battles
  • had a lot of land
  • inexperienced fighters (Battle of Trenton 1776)
  • less money
  • had to travel far
43
Q

Consequence of losing the American colonies on Britain

A

British trade with USA rose to the same as trade with colonies by 1785

And by 1792 trade between Britain and Europe had doubled

44
Q

What happened to Britain after losing its American colonies

A
  • DIDNT suffer a lot
  • still had Canada and land in the Caribbean, India and Africa
  • Britain began to expand in these regions building up the British Empire
45
Q

What happened to Canada after British lost its American colonies

A
  • stayed part of Britain (Quebec, Ontario etc)
  • America lost 100,000 settlers to Canada who preferred to emigrate rather than live under the new government
46
Q

What happened to Australia after Britain lost its American colonies

A
  • Britain sent their criminals there
  • Australia was loyal and provided a market for British goods
47
Q

Who were the Huguenots

A

French Protestants in 16th and 17th century who followed the teachings of John Calvin

48
Q

What happened during the French Wars of Religion

A

The French Catholics persecuted Protestants heavily -> August 1572, 70,000 French Protestants were killed

49
Q

What was the new agreement that affected the Huguenots

A

Edict of Fontainebleau

50
Q

When was the edict of Fontainebleau

A

1685

51
Q

What did the Edict of Fontainebleau do

A

Made Protestantism illegal

52
Q

How many Huguenots fled France as a result of the Edict of Fontainebleau

A

200,000

53
Q

Why did the Huguenots flee to Britain?

A
  • to escape persecution and Britain was a safe choice
    -> because the king recently made the country from Catholic to Protestant during the English Reformation in the 1530s
54
Q

Impact of Huguenots on Britain

A
  • revitalised British industries like watch-making and gun-making
  • started the new industry of paper making
  • French lost many talented merchants and craftsmen
55
Q

Gives facts about Huguenots and the paper industry

A

By the 1710s, Britain had 200 paper mills, supplying nearly 70% of Britains paper

British banknotes were printed by Huguenots business from 1712 onwards, for over 250 years

56
Q

The Ulster Plantation

A
  • in 1603 King James I became the first monarch to control Scotland, England and Ireland -> he was also Protestant
  • from 1609 onwards people from England and Scotland were encouraged to move to Northern Ireland to make sure it support James
57
Q

How did James pay for the Ulster Plantations?

A
  • wealthy companies and landowners were offered huge areas of land that had been taken from the Irish population -> this was in reward for helping James financially
  • the Mercer’s Company received up to 21,600 acres of land
58
Q

Impact of the Ulster Plantations

A
  • most settlers moved to find a better life but Irish people saw it as an invasion
  • the population grew rapidly as thousands arrived
    -> this created tensions between Protestants and Catholics
59
Q

Jacobite Rebellions

A

Descendants of the Stuart’s tried to regain the throne through rebellions
-> they were defeated in the Battle of Culloden in 1746

60
Q

Battle of Culloden

A

1746
- English defeated the Scots who were rebelling for a Stuart king

61
Q

Why did the highland clearances happen

A
  • Much of the land in the Highlands was owned by the Englishmen and rented by the Highlanders
  • However the English landlords started to prefer the idea of having large sheep farms (made landlords more money) rather than renting land to farming families.
62
Q

What were the highland clearances

A
  • English began to remove all opposition like Scottish chiefs who supported Stuarts along with their clans
  • many were forced to emigrate to the lowlands but many also went abroad
  • laws were passed making their life harder and bagpipes were banned
63
Q

How many families were evicted per day in the highland clearances

A

2000

Migration (6 decks)

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