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Migration > Expansion And Empire > Flashcards

Expansion And Empire Flashcards

1
Q

Why was India a valuable source of people

A

Were used as soldiers to fight for Britain

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2
Q

What was the East India Company

A

A company that ran British trading stations started in 1600

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3
Q

How did EIC make a profit

A

Traded their cheap goods in exchange for other countries goods (China + Japan)
-> India became the base for trading

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4
Q

Warren Hastings

A
  • dominated Indian affairs from 1772 and 1785
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5
Q

Robert Clive

A
  • helped secure an Indian empire for Britain
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6
Q

Sepoy Rebellion

A
  • the grease used to make cartridges in the Enfield rifle came from pigs and cows which offended Muslims and Hindu
  • in 1857, at the first uprising, Mangal Pandey was shot
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7
Q

Cawnpore Massacre

A

210 British women and children killed

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8
Q

Causes of the Sepoy Rebellion

A

LT
- the sepoys weren’t rested well + some were pressured into converting to Christianity

ST
- in 1857, the Enfield rifle was introduced containing pork and beef

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9
Q

Aftermath of the Sepoy Rebellion

A
  • took away the power EIC and replaced it with direct rule by the British governor
    -> Indian Act 1773
  • interfered less with religious matters and let Indians have a say by letting them have jobs in the local government
  • a new Indian middle class emerged who could speak English and had access to new technology
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10
Q

Impact of the empire on India’s economic resources

A
  • British businessmen made fortunes in India by taking raw materials + selling them for profit in Britain -> in the mid 1800s, tea trade was worth £30 million a year
  • trade created jobs for Brits and Indians (shipping + transport)
  • British introduced irrigation programme which increased the land available by 8x
  • introduced coal mining
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11
Q

What the impact of the empire on India’s health

A
  • Britain introduce a vaccine to treat diseases like malaria and smallpox
  • improved sewage system + water supplies

-> despite life expectancy increasing, millions died of starvation during the famines that hit India in the 1800s

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12
Q

What was the impact of the empire on India’s transport

A
  • British built over 30,000km of railways and 130,000 bridges
  • total British investment in India was more than £400 million in 1914
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13
Q

What was the impact of the empire on India’s society and education

A
  • high courts were set up places like Bombay
  • Brits opened 1000s of colleges
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14
Q

Why hadn’t Africa been previously colonised

A
  • far away
  • danger of malaria
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15
Q

David Livingstone

A

Explorer and missionary who brought back stories of African gold and cash crops

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16
Q

What made it easier to colonise Africa

A
  • steamships (1802)
  • railways (1811)
  • maxim gun developed
  • Quinine (1850) -> malaria medication
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17
Q

Justifications for colonising Africa

A
  • to get rid of slavery once and for all
  • David Livingstone thought the only way to liberate Africa was to introduce: commerce, Christianity, civilisation
  • Social Darwinism
  • the construction of the Suez canal promoted a trade link between Europe and Asia making Egypt important to Europeans
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18
Q

The Berlin Conference

A

1884-85
- set up to discuss the future of Africa
- Berlin Act of 1885 was signed by 14 European powers

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19
Q

Britain in Africa

A
  • 16 colonies + 32% of Africa by 1900
    -> include Kenya and Egypt
20
Q

African Resistance

A
  • the Maxim Gun threatened Africans but some African tribes had major victories over European countries like in the Zulu War of 1829
21
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A
  • 1888: founded ‘De Beers Consolidated Mines’
  • 1890: became the PM of Cape Colony
  • renamed Zimbabwe + Zambia to Rhodesia
  • tried to take Transvaal which causes the Boer War
22
Q

Fact about Cecil Rhodes’ mines

A

By the end of the 1800s, he controlled 90% of the global diamond mines

23
Q

What did Cecil Rhodes believe in

A

Social Darwinism

24
Q

LT significance of Cecil Rhodes

A
  • Zambia and Zimbabwe were called Rhodesia until 1980
  • in 2015, there were campaigns to remove statues of Rhodes outside the University of Cape Town and Oxford University
25
Q

Why was the Suez Canal important

A

It reduced the journey they would have to take to get to India

26
Q

How did Britain get control of the Suez Canal

A
  • in 1875, the Egyptians were financially strained so British PM Disraeli borrowed £4 million to buy a share in the canal
  • in 1882, the Egyptians rebelled but the navy bombed the city of Alexandria after British people were killed
27
Q

Who were Boers

A

People who lived in the Cape Colony

28
Q

How many Boer soliders were there compared to British soldiers

A

60,000 Boer
250,000 British

29
Q

Great Trek

A

1837-1844
A resettlement plan that moved Boers from Cape Colony to Transvaal and Orange Free State

30
Q

Battle of Majuba Hill

A

1881
- boers refused to unite with the British so the British sent troops in but were defeated

31
Q

The Second Boer War

A

1899-1902
- initially the Boers were having victories but from 1900 the British sent 500,000 soldiers to fight 60,000 Boer soldiers

32
Q

Causes of the Second Boer War

A
  • huge amount of gold were discovered in Transvaal in 1886
  • Kruger imported artillery from Germany (British enemy)
  • South Africa was essential to protect the British empire
33
Q

What happened to Boer women and children

A
  • took them to refugee camps that became concentration camps
  • 26,000 died -> 80% were under 16
34
Q

Impact of the 2nd Boer War in Britain

A
  • solider unfit to fight
  • cost £20 billion
  • free school meals for all children
  • free doctor visits
35
Q

Why did the Irish migrate

A
  • to escape poverty -> many stayed in cities like Liverpool + men worked as navvies
  • in 1846 there was a potato blight and 1 million died of starvation -> more than 1.5 million Irish fled
36
Q

British reaction Irish migration

A
  • some dislikes them because the Irish were Catholics
  • blamed for causing Typhus (called it the irish fever)
  • were blamed for high crime rates
  • people didn’t give them fair job opportunities so they were seen as lazy
  • had to rent homes in the worst parts of towns-> slogans like ‘no blacks, no dogs, no irish’ were popular
37
Q

Impact of Irish migration on Britain

A
  • in the 1800s, almost 40% of British army were Irish
  • ## in 2001, 1 in 10 of the British population were of close irish descent
38
Q

Jewish migration out of Britain

A

1290: Edward 1 expelled all the Jews

39
Q

Jewish migration to Britain

A
  • wrongly blamed for the assassination of the Russian Tsar Alexander II in 1881 -> between 1881 and 1914 120,000 Jews arrived in Britain to flee pogroms
    -> 2.5 Jews left Russia
40
Q

Reaction to Jewish migrations

A
  • accused of taking jobs
  • 1905: Aliens Act limited the number of Jewish immigrants
41
Q

Impact of Jewish migration

A
  • michael marks created Marks and Spencer’s in 1894 -> had 36 outlets by 1900
  • 1874: Benjamin Disraeli became Britains first Jewish PM
42
Q

How many Indians moved to Kenya and Uganda to build railways bridges and roads

A

30,000

43
Q

Forced migration

A
  • after Australia was discovered in 1770, 20,000 criminals were sent there over 20 years
  • 30,000 Indians went to Kenya and Uganda to build railways, bridges and roads
  • in the 17th century 2/3 of immigrants to the new world came as indentured servants
44
Q

Migration from Britain

A
  • 22 million people left Britain between 1815-1914
  • gov created schemes to get poorest to migrate
45
Q

Migrations within Britain

A
  • during the Industrial Revolution in 1750 80% lived and worked in the countryside but by 1901 this was 25%
  • population rise from 10m in 1801 to 37m in 1901 -> better medical treatment, sanitation, food production
46
Q

By 1939 what had Britain practically made independent

A

Australia, Canada and New Zealand

Migration (6 decks)

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