Longino

Question 1

Scientific Knowledge

Answer 1

• produced through processes of revision and modification of contributions made by individuals

Question 2

Masked Review (or Blind Review)

Answer 2

(a) reviewer’s identity is withheld from authors

Question 3

Double Masked Review

Answer 3

(a) reviewer’s identities are withheld from authors

(b author’s identities and author’s institutional affiliation are withheld from reviewers

Question 4

Triple Masked Review

Answer 4

(a) reviewer’s identities are withheld from authors

(b author’s identities and author’s institutional affiliation are withheld from reviewers

(c) author’s identities and author’s institutional affiliation are withheld from editor choosing reviewers

Question 5

Scientific Inquiry is Social in Three Ways:

Answer 5

• scientists depend on one another for ideas, instruments, procedures
• scientists depend on education; they learn the traditions, questions, mathematical, observational, and experimental techniques from others
• scientists practice in communities and their communities are embedded within larger communities and in society at large

Question 6

Longino’s Criteria for an Objective Community

Answer 6

1. Members of a community must have venues for communicating criticisms (criticisms of evidence, of methods, gathering data, conducting experiments, analyzing data, of background assumptions, and consistency with established knowledge
2. Members of community must share standards of evidence and standards for assessing the significance
3. The community is responsive to critical discussions, and the beliefs of the whole community change in light of these discussions
4. Intellectual authority is shared equally among qualified practitioners of the community