Long Term Memory

Question 1

What are 3 ways of testing LTM?

Answer 1

Free-recall, Cued recall, Recognition task

Question 2

What concept did Cantor et al 2014 come up with?

Answer 2

Marginal knowledge- can only be retrieved with appropriate memory cue

Question 3

What did Brown and McNeil study?

Answer 3

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon. PPs were given definitions to low-freq words. Attempt to recall words associated with the definition

Question 4

What is the War of the Ghosts study by Bartlett 1932?

Answer 4

Memories shaped to conform to our personal beliefs. Memories recalled aren’t copies, but reconstructions.

Question 5

What did Loftus and Palmer find?

Answer 5

The speed of the car was influenced by the verb used and the use of a direct question

Question 6

What did Godden and Baddeley study?

Answer 6

Context cues. Deep sea divers

Question 7

What do we forget LTM’s?

Answer 7

Lack of encoding

Question 8

What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

Answer 8

Proactive - previous info impairs ability to learn new info

Retroactive - New info impairs the ability to recall old info

Question 9

Describe what happened to HM and Clive Wearing

Answer 9

HM- Had hippocampus removed, memory was poor for events post op

Clive Wearing- Had long case of amnesia. Cannot form new memories and recall aspects of the past. Wakes up every 20 seconds. No knowledge of learning music but can still play the piano

Question 10

What is Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 10

Alcohol-related problem. Leads to brain damage in the hippocampus and diencephalon (loss in episodic memory). Gradual onset but widespread damage

Question 11

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

Answer 11

Retrograde- Affects episodic memories. Damage to cortical and neocortical structures. Inability to recall events from before incident.

Anterograde- Problems with consolidating memories. Could be caused by damage to subcortical areas. Inability to form new memories since critical event.

Question 12

What is Nadal & Mosovith’s Multiple Trace Theory?

Answer 12

Argues consolidation is important but so is retrieval. Consolidation creates multiple traces of a memory in the brain. Damage to hippocampus can remove some traces

Question 13

What is Perceptual Priming?

Answer 13

Word identification under fast exposure. Amnesics showed typical priming effect, even though much worse explicit memory from prime list words

Question 14

How did Schacter test procedural memory in Amnesiacs?

Answer 14

Tested amnesiacs in a natural golf setting. Memory of events were impaired. However, played golf with a substantial degree of skill- old skills were perserved.

Question 15

What was demonstrated in the mirror-learning task?

Answer 15

Amnesiacs had a slower learning rate and learning was less flexible. Patients do not remember doing the tasks each day.

Question 16

What did Butters demonstrate for semantic and episodic memories?

Answer 16

Both memories showed the same temporal gradient, implies both may be reliant on each other

Question 17

What did Spiers, Maguire and Burgess find in their meta analysis?

Answer 17

Episodic memory was impaired in all cases but in most cases, there was only a modest impairment to semantic memory

Question 18

Discuss the Jon case study

Answer 18

Had brain damage at 4 years old, hippocampus was half the size. Could only recall semantic info. Supports the separate semantic and episodic system.

Question 19

What did Kan, Alexander and Verfaeille do? (Amnesiacs)

Answer 19

Presented pp’s with a product and a price which was either correct or incorrect. Controls performed better when price was consistent, amnesiacs depended on damage to semantic areas. Those with intact areas performed better for consistent prices.

Question 20

What is Hencke’s Processing Based Model?

Answer 20

Consciousness is not a distinguishing factor. Memory systems are about types of processing required.

Question 21

What are the 4 methods to improve memory?

Answer 21

Practice time, depth of processing, verbal mnemonics, sleep

Question 22

What id explicit/declaractive memory?

Answer 22

Requires conscious recollection of info/memory you can explain (episodic, semantic)

Question 23

What is autobiographical memory?

Answer 23

More meaningful and emotional memories, like episodic memory

Question 24

What is infantile amnesia?

Answer 24

lack of memories prior to 3 years old

Question 25

What is reminiscence bump?

Answer 25

Remembering memories from between the ages of 10-30 when 40+