Long Term Memory Flashcards
What are 3 ways of testing LTM?
Free-recall, Cued recall, Recognition task
What concept did Cantor et al 2014 come up with?
Marginal knowledge- can only be retrieved with appropriate memory cue
What did Brown and McNeil study?
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon. PPs were given definitions to low-freq words. Attempt to recall words associated with the definition
What is the War of the Ghosts study by Bartlett 1932?
Memories shaped to conform to our personal beliefs. Memories recalled aren’t copies, but reconstructions.
What did Loftus and Palmer find?
The speed of the car was influenced by the verb used and the use of a direct question
What did Godden and Baddeley study?
Context cues. Deep sea divers
What do we forget LTM’s?
Lack of encoding
What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?
Proactive - previous info impairs ability to learn new info
Retroactive - New info impairs the ability to recall old info
Describe what happened to HM and Clive Wearing
HM- Had hippocampus removed, memory was poor for events post op
Clive Wearing- Had long case of amnesia. Cannot form new memories and recall aspects of the past. Wakes up every 20 seconds. No knowledge of learning music but can still play the piano
What is Korsakoff syndrome?
Alcohol-related problem. Leads to brain damage in the hippocampus and diencephalon (loss in episodic memory). Gradual onset but widespread damage
What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
Retrograde- Affects episodic memories. Damage to cortical and neocortical structures. Inability to recall events from before incident.
Anterograde- Problems with consolidating memories. Could be caused by damage to subcortical areas. Inability to form new memories since critical event.
What is Nadal & Mosovith’s Multiple Trace Theory?
Argues consolidation is important but so is retrieval. Consolidation creates multiple traces of a memory in the brain. Damage to hippocampus can remove some traces
What is Perceptual Priming?
Word identification under fast exposure. Amnesics showed typical priming effect, even though much worse explicit memory from prime list words
How did Schacter test procedural memory in Amnesiacs?
Tested amnesiacs in a natural golf setting. Memory of events were impaired. However, played golf with a substantial degree of skill- old skills were perserved.
What was demonstrated in the mirror-learning task?
Amnesiacs had a slower learning rate and learning was less flexible. Patients do not remember doing the tasks each day.
What did Butters demonstrate for semantic and episodic memories?
Both memories showed the same temporal gradient, implies both may be reliant on each other
What did Spiers, Maguire and Burgess find in their meta analysis?
Episodic memory was impaired in all cases but in most cases, there was only a modest impairment to semantic memory
Discuss the Jon case study
Had brain damage at 4 years old, hippocampus was half the size. Could only recall semantic info. Supports the separate semantic and episodic system.
What did Kan, Alexander and Verfaeille do? (Amnesiacs)
Presented pp’s with a product and a price which was either correct or incorrect. Controls performed better when price was consistent, amnesiacs depended on damage to semantic areas. Those with intact areas performed better for consistent prices.
What is Hencke’s Processing Based Model?
Consciousness is not a distinguishing factor. Memory systems are about types of processing required.
What are the 4 methods to improve memory?
Practice time, depth of processing, verbal mnemonics, sleep
What id explicit/declaractive memory?
Requires conscious recollection of info/memory you can explain (episodic, semantic)
What is autobiographical memory?
More meaningful and emotional memories, like episodic memory
What is infantile amnesia?
lack of memories prior to 3 years old
What is reminiscence bump?
Remembering memories from between the ages of 10-30 when 40+
