Attention

Question 1

Which approach of attention is stimuli driven and a passive model?

Answer 1

Bottom-up approach

Question 2

Which approach of attention is task driven and an active model?

Answer 2

Top-down approach

Question 3

What are the 2 things the Retina is made up of?

Answer 3

The Fovea and the Parafovea

Question 4

What are some details about the Fovea?

Answer 4

More cells, made up from cones, greatest visual accuracy

Question 5

What are some details about the Parafovea?

Answer 5

Made up from less cells, made up from rods, has low spatial acuity

Question 6

What is different about fixation and saccades?

Answer 6

Fixation - Eye is stable

Saccade - Eye moves in ballistic way

Question 7

How many saccades are performed each second?

Answer 7

3-4 per second

Question 8

When does acuity drop?

Answer 8

When something is further from the retina

Question 9

What does the saccadic suppression-mirror experiment demonstrate?

Answer 9

We become ‘blind’ when we move eyes due to suppressing motion blur during saccades

Question 10

How long do saccades last?

Answer 10

up to 50ms

Question 11

Where does attended and unattended info belong?

Answer 11

Attended info - In Fovea

Unattended info - Not in Fovea

Question 12

How long does it take to shift saccades in attended and unattended info?

Answer 12

Attended info - takes around 300ms to shift saccades

Unattended info - takes around 50ms to shift saccades

Question 13

What did Helmholtz (1867) study?

Answer 13

Cover attention. Enhance perfection by focusing on a location in the visual field

Question 14

What was the Posner Task on spatial recognition?

Answer 14

Shown a fixation point followed by a cue that was 80% accurate. Attention switched to the right but the eye did not move.

Question 15

What is selective/focused attention?

Answer 15

try to focus on 1 stimuli. Helps reduce cognitive overload.

Question 16

What is divided attention?

Answer 16

Multi-tasking. May tell us about attentional mechanisms and their capacity

Question 17

What did Welford (1952) do/find?

Answer 17

Showed 2 stimuli in rapid succession. PP’s reaction to second stimulus was slower if it was presented quicker to first.

Question 18

What did Cherry (1953) demonstrate?

Answer 18

Could filter out unshadowed message but couldn’t process information about the message.

Question 19

What did Broadbent (1958) do/find?

Answer 19

Dichotic listening procedure. presented 3 digits in each ear. PP’s did best when recalling all from one ear and then all from another ear.

Question 20

What did Treismand (1960) find?

Answer 20

Found people would switch attention if unattended info was meaningful to them in the current situation.

Question 21

What are the 3 components of the Attentional Competing Hypothesis

Answer 21

Early Selection
Attenuation
Late Selection

Question 22

What is Changed Blindness (CB) and Inattentional Blindness (IB)?

Answer 22

CB - May not spot changes between scenes

IB - Not aware of things we dont attend to

Question 23

What did Rensinck (2000) say about changed blindness?

Answer 23

Suggests we do not have a limit in the number of items we can hold in the VSTM

Question 24

How did Luck & Vogel (1997) measure capacity of VSTM?

Answer 24

1-12 colour patches shown for 100ms. Then showed a blank screen for 900ms. Then showed colour again for 2000ms.
Capacity limit was around 4 items.