Attention Flashcards
Which approach of attention is stimuli driven and a passive model?
Bottom-up approach
Which approach of attention is task driven and an active model?
Top-down approach
What are the 2 things the Retina is made up of?
The Fovea and the Parafovea
What are some details about the Fovea?
More cells, made up from cones, greatest visual accuracy
What are some details about the Parafovea?
Made up from less cells, made up from rods, has low spatial acuity
What is different about fixation and saccades?
Fixation - Eye is stable
Saccade - Eye moves in ballistic way
How many saccades are performed each second?
3-4 per second
When does acuity drop?
When something is further from the retina
What does the saccadic suppression-mirror experiment demonstrate?
We become ‘blind’ when we move eyes due to suppressing motion blur during saccades
How long do saccades last?
up to 50ms
Where does attended and unattended info belong?
Attended info - In Fovea
Unattended info - Not in Fovea
How long does it take to shift saccades in attended and unattended info?
Attended info - takes around 300ms to shift saccades
Unattended info - takes around 50ms to shift saccades
What did Helmholtz (1867) study?
Cover attention. Enhance perfection by focusing on a location in the visual field
What was the Posner Task on spatial recognition?
Shown a fixation point followed by a cue that was 80% accurate. Attention switched to the right but the eye did not move.
What is selective/focused attention?
try to focus on 1 stimuli. Helps reduce cognitive overload.
What is divided attention?
Multi-tasking. May tell us about attentional mechanisms and their capacity
What did Welford (1952) do/find?
Showed 2 stimuli in rapid succession. PP’s reaction to second stimulus was slower if it was presented quicker to first.
What did Cherry (1953) demonstrate?
Could filter out unshadowed message but couldn’t process information about the message.
What did Broadbent (1958) do/find?
Dichotic listening procedure. presented 3 digits in each ear. PP’s did best when recalling all from one ear and then all from another ear.
What did Treismand (1960) find?
Found people would switch attention if unattended info was meaningful to them in the current situation.
What are the 3 components of the Attentional Competing Hypothesis
Early Selection
Attenuation
Late Selection
What is Changed Blindness (CB) and Inattentional Blindness (IB)?
CB - May not spot changes between scenes
IB - Not aware of things we dont attend to
What did Rensinck (2000) say about changed blindness?
Suggests we do not have a limit in the number of items we can hold in the VSTM
How did Luck & Vogel (1997) measure capacity of VSTM?
1-12 colour patches shown for 100ms. Then showed a blank screen for 900ms. Then showed colour again for 2000ms.
Capacity limit was around 4 items.
