Long-term memory

Question 1

What is semantic memory?

Answer 1

Memory for facts, meanings, knowledge, what things are, how they relate to each other

Question 2

Is semantic memory stored with or without contextual info?

Answer 2

Without contextual info

Question 3

What is episodic memory?

Answer 3

Memory for events

Question 4

Is episodic memory stored with or without contextual info?

Answer 4

Stored with contextual info (who, what, when, where)

Question 5

Which type of memory develops late & deteriorates early - semantic or episodic?

Answer 5

Episodic memory

Question 6

Which type of memory is more vulnerable to neuronal dysfunction than other memory systems?

Answer 6

Episodic memory

Question 7

Which type of memory is more vulnerable to forgetting - semantic or episodic?

Answer 7

Episodic memory

Question 8

Which type of memory has affective links - semantic or episodic?

Answer 8

Episodic memory

Question 9

Which type of awareness does semantic memory involve - noetic or autonoetic?

Answer 9

Autonoetic awareness - self-knowing, a feeling of ‘re-living’

Question 10

Which type of awareness does episodic memory involve - noetic or autonoetic?

Answer 10

Noetic awareness - awareness of the info without recollection

Question 11

What is procedural memory?

Answer 11

Memory of how to do something; usually requires practise to achieve expertise

Question 12

What is implicit retrieval?

Answer 12

No conscious attempt to recall an experience/conscious memory of the experience

Question 13

What type of memory is implicit retrieval?

Answer 13

Procedural memory

Question 14

What is explicit retrieval?

Answer 14

A conscious attempt to recall items

Question 15

What type of memory is explicit retrieval?

Answer 15

Declarative memory

Question 16

What type of retrieval does performance on perceptual implicit memory tasks reflect?

Answer 16

Unintentional retrieval

Question 17

Performance on a stem completion task was the result of an unintentional retrieval strategy
Priming after a perceptual encoding task reflected unintentional unconscious memory

Who found this?

Answer 17

Richardson-Klavehn et al. (1996)

Question 18

What is unconscious plagiarism?

Answer 18

Failure of explicit memory & intact implicit memory

E.g. no conscious recollection of a conversation with a friend but the content of the convo was retained & interpreted as your own idea)

Question 19

What is encoding?

Answer 19

The acquisition of info (e.g. revising for an exam, observing an event)

Question 20

What is retrieval?

Answer 20

Recalling/showing evidence of prior learning/encoding (e.g. in a test, we might recall info/the answer might ‘pop into mind’ without a deliberate attempt to retrieve it)

Question 21

What interaction does successful remembering rely on?

Answer 21

The interaction between encoding & retrieval

Question 22

What is declarative memory?

Answer 22

Memory with conscious awareness

Question 23

What are types of declarative memory?

Answer 23

Episodic & semantic memory

Question 24

What is non-delarative memory?

Answer 24

Memory with no conscious awareness

Question 25

What are types of declarative memory?

Answer 25

Procedural memory

Question 26

Do amnesiacs have intact/impaired implicit memory and intact/impaired explicit memory?

Answer 26

Amnesiacs have intact implicit memory & impaired explicit memory

Question 27

What does a typical explicit memory test involve?

Answer 27

1. Study a list of words

2. Recall/recognise words on a list that they had previously seen

Question 28

What does a typical implicit memory test involve?

Answer 28

1. Study a list of words
2. Do stem completion (“name word that begins with TAB”) or fragment completion (N__SE) tasks - complete with the first word that comes to mind

Question 29

What typical results are found from explicit & implicit memory tasks with amnesiacs & health controls?

Answer 29

Controls perform better than amnesiacs on explicit tasks

Both are equally likely to complete word stems/fragments with items from the previously-studied list, but amnesiacs don’t know which words they have seen before –> supports the distinction between explicit & implicit memory

Question 30

What type of brain damage did Patient EP have?

Answer 30

Medial temporal lobe damage

Question 31

What memory impairments with Patient EP have?

Answer 31

Impaired declarative memory on tests of delayed recall & recognition

Question 32

What experiment did Bayley & Squire (2002) do on Patient EP & a health control group?

What did they find?

Answer 32

Compared sentence recall in EP & healthy controls

Patient EP could learn new info (novel 3-word sentences) - he performed below the level achieved by controls but improved with training

Question 33

In terms of semantic & episodic memory, which are amnesiacs typically impaired/not impaired in?

Answer 33

Amnesicas have impaired episodic memory & intact semantic memory

[have poor recall of names of new people & what they’ve read/seen/heard before but good recall of facts]

Question 34

Who studied Patient KC?

Answer 34

Tulving et al. (2002)

Question 35

What type of amnesia did Patient KC have?

Answer 35

Anterograde amnesia

Question 36

What was Patient KC’s memory abilities like?

Answer 36

He could learn new facts in the absence of any episodic remembering, but had impaired memory for events from his own life