Long-term memory Flashcards
What is semantic memory?
Memory for facts, meanings, knowledge, what things are, how they relate to each other
Is semantic memory stored with or without contextual info?
Without contextual info
What is episodic memory?
Memory for events
Is episodic memory stored with or without contextual info?
Stored with contextual info (who, what, when, where)
Which type of memory develops late & deteriorates early - semantic or episodic?
Episodic memory
Which type of memory is more vulnerable to neuronal dysfunction than other memory systems?
Episodic memory
Which type of memory is more vulnerable to forgetting - semantic or episodic?
Episodic memory
Which type of memory has affective links - semantic or episodic?
Episodic memory
Which type of awareness does semantic memory involve - noetic or autonoetic?
Autonoetic awareness - self-knowing, a feeling of ‘re-living’
Which type of awareness does episodic memory involve - noetic or autonoetic?
Noetic awareness - awareness of the info without recollection
What is procedural memory?
Memory of how to do something; usually requires practise to achieve expertise
What is implicit retrieval?
No conscious attempt to recall an experience/conscious memory of the experience
What type of memory is implicit retrieval?
Procedural memory
What is explicit retrieval?
A conscious attempt to recall items
What type of memory is explicit retrieval?
Declarative memory
What type of retrieval does performance on perceptual implicit memory tasks reflect?
Unintentional retrieval
Performance on a stem completion task was the result of an unintentional retrieval strategy
Priming after a perceptual encoding task reflected unintentional unconscious memory
Who found this?
Richardson-Klavehn et al. (1996)
What is unconscious plagiarism?
Failure of explicit memory & intact implicit memory
E.g. no conscious recollection of a conversation with a friend but the content of the convo was retained & interpreted as your own idea)
What is encoding?
The acquisition of info (e.g. revising for an exam, observing an event)
What is retrieval?
Recalling/showing evidence of prior learning/encoding (e.g. in a test, we might recall info/the answer might ‘pop into mind’ without a deliberate attempt to retrieve it)
What interaction does successful remembering rely on?
The interaction between encoding & retrieval
What is declarative memory?
Memory with conscious awareness
What are types of declarative memory?
Episodic & semantic memory
What is non-delarative memory?
Memory with no conscious awareness
What are types of declarative memory?
Procedural memory
Do amnesiacs have intact/impaired implicit memory and intact/impaired explicit memory?
Amnesiacs have intact implicit memory & impaired explicit memory
What does a typical explicit memory test involve?
- Study a list of words
2. Recall/recognise words on a list that they had previously seen
What does a typical implicit memory test involve?
- Study a list of words
- Do stem completion (“name word that begins with TAB”) or fragment completion (N__SE) tasks - complete with the first word that comes to mind
What typical results are found from explicit & implicit memory tasks with amnesiacs & health controls?
Controls perform better than amnesiacs on explicit tasks
Both are equally likely to complete word stems/fragments with items from the previously-studied list, but amnesiacs don’t know which words they have seen before –> supports the distinction between explicit & implicit memory
What type of brain damage did Patient EP have?
Medial temporal lobe damage
What memory impairments with Patient EP have?
Impaired declarative memory on tests of delayed recall & recognition
What experiment did Bayley & Squire (2002) do on Patient EP & a health control group?
What did they find?
Compared sentence recall in EP & healthy controls
Patient EP could learn new info (novel 3-word sentences) - he performed below the level achieved by controls but improved with training
In terms of semantic & episodic memory, which are amnesiacs typically impaired/not impaired in?
Amnesicas have impaired episodic memory & intact semantic memory
[have poor recall of names of new people & what they’ve read/seen/heard before but good recall of facts]
Who studied Patient KC?
Tulving et al. (2002)
What type of amnesia did Patient KC have?
Anterograde amnesia
What was Patient KC’s memory abilities like?
He could learn new facts in the absence of any episodic remembering, but had impaired memory for events from his own life
