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Cognition > Impaired cognition > Flashcards

Impaired cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What are some syndromes/disorders that involve an impairment of memory?

A

Amnesia

Korsakoff’s syndrome

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2
Q

What is amnesia?

A

When registration/storage processes are impaired by a disease/injury/stroke/alcohol

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3
Q

What types of amnesia are there?

A

Retrograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

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4
Q

Which type of amnesia is associated with an inability to form new memories after the injury/disease?

A

Anterograde amnesia

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5
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

A loss of memory about events that occurred before the injury/disease

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6
Q

Which area of the brain is retrograde amnesia associated with?

A

Diencephalic lesions in the mammillary bodies/thalamus

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7
Q

Which area of the brain is anterograde amnesia associated with?

A

Hippocampal damage

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8
Q

What type of amnesia did Patient HM have?

A

Anterograde amnesia (had hippocampus removed to cue epilepsy)

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A
  • memory impairment (retrograde & anterograde)
  • confusion (confabulation)
  • disordered eye & limb movements
  • learning deficits
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10
Q

What are some causes/biomarkers of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A
  • thiamine deficiency
  • haemorrhagic lesions in mammillary bodies & other structures of the limbic system
  • enlarged ventricles
  • damage in the thalamus & other diencephalic structures (Jernigan et al., 1991)
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11
Q

What effect does a thiamine deficiency have on the brain?

A

Absorption of thiamine is impaired by malnutrition/alcohol

Brain regions dependent on thiamine suffer from impaired neuronal function

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12
Q

What is the primary source of recent-memory impairment in patients with Korsakoff’s?

A

Neuronal loss in the medial anterior thalamic nuclei

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13
Q

Which area of the brain is involved in the formation of episodic memories?

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

What disorder is an impairment of attention?

A

Hemispatial neglect

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15
Q

What do patients with hemispatial neglect do?

A

Don’t respond to stimuli on the contralateral side

Can’t disengage from items on the ipsilesional side (orientation bias)

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16
Q

What is hemispatial neglect NOT?

A

Not a visual deficit/hemianopia (= blindness over half of the visual field)

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17
Q

Which side of the brain is most often affected in hemispatial neglect?

A

Right hemisphere (principle in modulating attention) –> ignore the left side of the visual field

18
Q

What are the symptoms of hemispatial neglect?

A
  • deficits in body representation
  • don’t incorporate the part of their world that they don’t perceive
  • anosognosia (= unaware of their disorder)
  • representational neglect
19
Q

Behrmann et al. (1994) analysed eye movements in neglect patients. What did they find neglect patients did that healthy controls didn’t?

A
  • made fewer fixations
  • shorter inspection time on the contralesional left side
  • started their search on the right side of the midline
  • made more & longer fixations to the ipsilesional side
  • more omissions of targets
20
Q

What tests can we use to detect hemispatial neglect?

A
  1. Line bisection - bisect a horizontal line (estimate the centre)
  2. Clock-drawing test
21
Q

How do neglect patients perform on the line bisection test?

A

They usually estimate the centre further away from the side that is neglected (more towards the right)

22
Q

What skills does the clock-drawing test require?

A

Verbal understanding, memory, spatially-coded knowledge & construction skills

23
Q

What methods can we use to treat hemispatial neglect?

A 
Cognitive training
Scanning training
Repeated neck muscle vibrations
Mental imagery training
Video feedback training
Prism adaptation
24
Q

What is the process of prism adaptation treatment?

A
  1. The patient points at visual targets whilst wearing goggles. The initial points are off-target because their visual field is shifted in one direction.
  2. The ‘direct effect of prism adaptation’ occurs - the patient detects that they are making pointing errors and makes a conscious effort to try to fix the error via strategic recalibration.
  3. The goggles are removed; the direct effect adaptation observed as a result of prism exposure persists & results in the ‘prism adaptation negative after-effect’ - causes initial attempts in pointing to the visual target during the post-test to be in the direction opposite to the visual shift
25
Q

Who found evidence to support the effectiveness of prism adaptation?

A

Rosetti (1998) - PA shifted patients’ visual field by 10 degrees (lasted 4 days)

Frassinetti et al. (2002) - the PA negative after-effect lasted for

26
Q

How long did McIntosh et al. (2002) find the effects of PA lasted for?

A

10 weeks

27
Q

What can we induce in healthy participants using PA?

A

Artificial neglect

28
Q

Michel (2006) claims that the right hemisphere is specialised for visuo-spatial functions. On the line bisection task, brain symmetry in favour of the right hemisphere visuo-spatial function is responsible for which manifestation?

A

Pseudo-neglect

29
Q

Using rTMS over which areas of the brain can produce a rightward neglect-like bias in the line bisection task?

A

The right frontal & posterior parietal cortices

30
Q

To what function can prefrontal lobe damage cause an impairment in?

A

Executive functioning in multiple domains…

  • inertia
  • perseveration
  • disinhibition
  • deficient self-awareness
  • inflexibility
31
Q

What characteristics are associated with inertia?

A

Problems starting things
Apathetic
Unresponsive
Only initiate autonomous functions

32
Q

Damage to which area of the brain induces inertia?

A

Superior mPFC damage

33
Q

What characteristics are associated with perseveration?

A

Repeat activity sequences

Can’t break a cycle of behaviour/suppress ongoing activities

34
Q

Damage to which area of the brain induces perseveration?

A

dlPFC lesions

35
Q

What characteristics are associated with disinhibition?

A 
Impulsive
Aggressive
Sexually promiscuous
Not guided by future consequences
Poor decision-making abilities
36
Q

Damage to which area of the brain induces disinhibition?

A

OFC damage

37
Q

What characteristics are associated with having deficient self-awareness?

A

Don’t appreciate the impact of your actions on others
Don’t empathise with others
Don’t respond normally to social & emotional reinforcers

38
Q

Damage to which area of the brain induces deficient self-awareness?

A

Lesions in the OFC & limbic areas

39
Q

What characteristics are associated with inflexibility?

A

Concrete attitude
Difficulty planning/changing plans
Difficulty sustaining goal-orientated behaviour

40
Q

Which researcher/s studied Phineas Gage in 1994?

A

Damasio (1994)

41
Q

Which areas of Phineas Gage’s brain were damaged and what behaviours did this result in?

A

Damage to his OFC (involved in social cognition & decision making) caused a loss of social inhibitions
Damage to connections between the OFC & limbic system (involved in emotion regulation)

Cognition (12 decks)

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