long exam Flashcards
A coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn.
Learning Theory
five primary educational learning theories
: behaviorism, cognitive, constructivism, humanism, and
connectivism.
viewed as a highly active process largely directed by the individual.
Cognitive learning
Educators trying to influence the learning process must
recognize the variety of past experiences, perceptions,
ways of incorporating and thinking about information
Cognitive Learning Theory
one’s own understanding of their way of learning.
METACOGNITION
Involves perceiving the information, interpreting it based
on what is already known, and then reorganizing the
information into new insights or understanding
Cognitive Learning Theory
Perspectives of the cognitive learning theory
gestalt perspective, information processing, human / cognitive development, social constructivism / cognition, cognitive-emotional perspective
One of the oldest psychological theories.
Gestalt perspective
Emphasizes the importance of perception in
learning and lays the groundwork for various
other cognitive perspectives to follow it.
Gestalt perspective
A principal assumption is that each person perceives, interprets, and responds to any situation in their own way
Gestalt perspective
A cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes
Information processing
Nine events that activate effective learning
reception, expectancy, retrieval, selective perception, semantic encoding, reinforcement, retrieval, generalization
gaining the learner’s attention
Reception
informing the learner of the objectives and
experiences.
Expectancy
stimulating the learner’s recall of prior learning.
Retrieval
presenting information.
Selective Perception
providing the guidance to facilitate the learner’s understanding.
Semantic Encoding
giving feedback to the learner.
Reinforcement
assessing the learner’s performance
Retrieval
working to enhance retention and transfer through application and varied practice
Generalization
FIRST STAGE
Attention
SECOND STAGE
Processing
THIRD STAGE
Memory Storage
FOURTH STAGE
Action
Focuses in qualitative changes in perceiving, thinking, and reasoning as individuals grow and mature.
Human/cognitive development
“children take in or incorporate information as they interact with people and the environment.”
Piaget’s theory of cognitive learning
where ethnicity, social class, gender, family life, life history, self-concept, and the learning situation itself all influence an individual’s perceptions, thoughts, emotions, interpretations, and responses to information and experiences.
Social constructivism
Theorists posit that individuals formulate or construct their own versions of reality and that learning and human development are richly colored by the social and cultural context in which people find themselves.
Social Constructivism
reflects a constructivist orientation and highlights the influence of social factors on perception, thought, and motivation.
Social cognition perspective
When applied to learning, it emphasizes the need for instructors to consider the dynamics of the social environment and groups on both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior.
Social Cognition
Focuses on the cause-and-effect relationships and explanations that individuals formulate to account for their own and others’ behavior and the way in which the world operates.
Attribution Theory
These explanations are unique to the individual and tend to be strongly colored by cultural values and beliefs.
Attribution Theory
Criticized for neglecting emotions, and efforts have been made to incorporate considerations related to emotions within a
cognitive framework.
Cognitive-emotional perspective
play a significant role in influencing children’s moral development and in motivating people’s prosocial behavior, activism, and ethical responses.
Empathy and the moral emotions
involve both cognitive and emotional brain processing.
Memory storage and retrieval
entails an individual managing his emotions, motivating himself, reading the emotions of others, and working effectively in interpersonal relationships
Emotional intelligence (EI)
