London

Question 1

define inequalities

Answer 1

the difference in how income is distributed among individuals/a population - the gap between rich/poor
- the difference between social services/education distributed among individuals

Question 2

what is a mega city

Answer 2

a city which exceeds a population of 10 million

Question 3

what is migration

Answer 3

the process or action of moving from one country to another

Question 4

Pull factors for migration

Answer 4

Lower risk from natural hazards
High employment
Better services
More wealth
Hope for new life
Political stability
Safer, less crime
More fertile/good climate
Promised freedom

Question 4

what is natural increase

Answer 4

when the birth-rate exceeds the death rate

Question 5

define urbanisation

Answer 5

an increasing percentage of a countries population comes to live in a town/city

Question 6

Push factors for migration

Answer 6

Land scarcity
Political/religious Persecution
Civil war
Flooding
Over population
High crime
lack of services
Poverty
Lack of safety
Crop failure
Drought

Question 7

where is London situated

Answer 7

south east england
either side of river thames

Question 8

london importance nationally

Answer 8

• Londoners earn 23% more than Uk average
• Generates 30% of Uk’s GDP
• 800,000 people commute to work in London everyday
• 60% of Londoners have a degree
• financial and business areas are the dominant sectors in London
• 5 million jobs at the start of 2012

Question 9

Examples of culture in London

Answer 9

London riots
Chinese culture/influence - china town
London arts/heritage
Mini India (southhall)

Question 9

london importance internationally

Answer 9

• World’s 14th largest capital city
• raked 2nd in global cities index
• 30 million tourists in 2017
• London has the highest tourist spend in the world with $21 bn in 2011
• London is the home to 15 of the head offices of the 250 largest companies in the world e.g HSBC or KPMG
• London stock exchange in largest in the world
  -37% of Londoners born abroad
• London is greenest city in the world - 40% in green

Question 10

London opportunities

Answer 10

Inner london has highest non white population in whole country = diversity = Enriched cultural life
Sporting events e.g wimbledon tennis
Museums - natural history
Tower of london
11.2 million international visiitors in 2012
Productivity in london 40% higher than UK average
London work force is 5.2 million = increase in job opportunity
Cycle network in london
730000 bike journeys made per day 2016
London easily accesible
Intergrated transport system
Urban greening in London e.g richmond on thames = greenest borough

Question 11

social deprivation?

Answer 11

the degree to which a person or community lacks the things essential for a decent life e.g money, housing, services

Question 12

urban sprawl

Answer 12

the growth of urban areas into surrounding countryside

Question 13

commuter settlements

Answer 13

places where people live and travel elsewhere for work

Question 14

why was regeneration needed in the queen Elizabeth park Stratford

Answer 14

after ww1 the area went into economic delcine as the docks and factories closed
the area was used for 2012 olympics but afterwards need to sort it out
Deprived area, brownfield site, people had low salary
= unused overgrown industrial site

Question 15

social benefits of regeneration project

Answer 15

The athletes’ village has been relaunched as a housing estate called the East Village, the rooms have had kitchens added and walls knocked through. Almost half of these 2,818 new homes (40%) will be affordable, Eventually the whole Olympic Parkland will become five new neighbourhoods housing 8,000 people.
The Olympics has helped schools in the area - there was a shortage of spaces but a new school opened in the grounds of the park. Chobham Academy will cover all levels of education.
The aquatics centre now uses its 50m pools as facilities for the community and schools, as well as elite athletes.
Unemployment OVERALL fell across London during the Olympic period

Question 16

economic benefits of regeneration project

Answer 16

Stratford got a Tube station to help connect the area to the rest of London - Stratford is now second only to King’ Cross as the most connected part of London.
The infrastructure has been improved. As well as two Underground lines, a high-speed “javelin” train to King’s Cross and the Docklands Light Railway, it may soon be a stop-off for the Eurostar to Paris.
The Olympics brought more than £9bn of investment to east London, much of which went into transport.
ALL of the Olympic venues have been sold. The final building to be sold off was the £300m media centre, which will now primarily house Infinity - a data company who want to store information for large corporations.
Lloyds TSB estimated that the Olympics will generate £10 billion in extra income for the UK economy

Question 17

environmental benefits of regeneration projects

Answer 17

Many of the grounds in the Olympic Park have been kept as parkland and are open to the public for use as a picnicking and play area.
The stadiums were made of at least 25% recycled materials
The River Lea that runs through the Olympic Park was improved as has the quality of its water. Green areas were placed along the banks of the river.
The urban wasteland of the Lower Lea Valley was cleaned up, with soil being cleaned on site.
The Olympic Site was built largely on 560 acres of brownfield land, property that had been neglected, unused, and contaminated.
Researchers helped choose sustainable & biodiverse vegetation suited to an urban environment, including 4,000 trees, 74,000 plants and 60,000 bulbs and
300,000 wetland plants
New green spaces and wildlife habitats were created, including ponds, woodlands, and artificial otter holts.

Question 18

social cons of regeneration project

Answer 18

Anne Power at the London School of Economics said The ‘affordable rents’ for the 2,800 new homes will be unaffordable to Newham’s poorest households.
Rushanara Ali, MP in the Olympic borough of Tower Hamlets, said: The impact of the infrastructure investment has been really fantastic… But - and there’s a big but - in my borough unemplayment actually went up during the Olympics.
During the construction of the Olympics, very few jobs were created for local people. There are still high levels of unemployment in the borough and it was a missed opportunity to train people up for work. Tower Hamlets got very fittle out of the Olympics. (Rushanara All, MP)
Many people in the boroughs surrounding the Olympic Park remain in poverty
Properties for poorer people had to be demolished to make way for the site, 450 Housing Association flats were tom down for example.

Question 19

economic cons of regeneration project

Answer 19

The Olympic stadium is estimated to have cost E701 mation pounds, almost 3 times the original estimate (spurga)/ This angered many local people

The total bill for the Olympics was £8.77 billion of tax payers money. That was £5billion over budget.

Existing businesses had to move, including H. Forman and Sons, a salmon-smoking factory with 50 employees

Rents and property prices have gone up as a result of the Games

Question 20

environmental cons of regeneration project

Answer 20

Much wildlife had to be relocated: 4,000 smooth newts,
100 toads and 300 common lizards as well as fish including pikes and eels were moved by the Olympic Delivery Authority.
Many of the materials for the stadiums and the Olympic Park came from overseas
The games produced 3.3 million tons of CO2

Question 21

London challenges

Answer 21

London rents have increased by a quarter since 2008
Population of just below 9 million
2023 - average property price around £600,000
Borough of Hillingdon had most unemployment 2023

In 2022, London’s emissions were 28.97 million tonnes of CO2

Question 22

London transport managment

Answer 22

Public transport:
Docklands Light Railway - east London- 110 million people a year
London Underground takes 3 million passengers off road everyday
Self service bicycles
More parking places

Traffic flow:
Bus priority lanes
Parking restrictions
Congestion charging - discourages people from driving through city