Lagos

Question 1

Describe Lagos

Answer 1

low lying city
south west nigeria
surrounded by lagoon
used to be small fishing village

Question 2

Describe social characteristics of lagos

Answer 2

birth rate above nigerian average
full of informal settlements
600,000 people born per year
17million estimated population
average 5 babies per woman
weak transport and infrastructure
children part of work force

Question 3

How much tonnes of waste is generated in lagos per day

Answer 3

6000

Question 4

What is lagos’s average earnings per resident

Answer 4

$1036 (£670)

Question 5

Describe Makoko

Answer 5

Floating informal settlement neighbourhood located in Lagos, initially founded as a fishing village, population over 80,000

Question 6

Describe lagos lagoon

Answer 6

More than 50km long
3-13km wide
Swampy margins on lagoon side
Fairly shallow
city spreads over 30km of south western shoreline
lots of waste in lagoon

Question 7

What is the third mainland bridge

Answer 7

11km long
Built off western shoreline to bypass congestion mainland suburbs

Question 8

Describe Ikoyi

Answer 8

Most affluent area of Lagos
- many high rise apartment buildings, 5 star hotels, one of africa’s largest gold courses, extravagant mansions

Question 9

How is wealth spread in lagos

Answer 9

Western side is wealthy and commercial
Eastern side is poor hosting markets and deprived residential areas

Question 10

What is the national importance of Lagos

Answer 10

-one of the largest economies in Africa (11th)
- home to 10% of nigerian population
- contributes to 30% of nigeria’s GDP
- centre of nigeria’s modern economy
- contains nigerian biggest manufacturing industry

Question 11

What is the international importance of Lagos

Answer 11

• emerged as major hub for the head quarters of national and global economies, complex businesses and professional services
• 7th fastest growing city in world
• mega city with substantial foreign born population
• airport is main arrival point for 80% of flights into west africa - airport serves internationally with non stop flights to hundreds of destinations around the world

Question 12

Lagos negatives

Answer 12

Social
- 15 households share communal toilet
- waste, lack of sanitation
- 60% of population live in slums
- education unaffordable
- poor electricity supply
- illegal housing
- overcrowded land
- traffic congestion (2hour average)
- houses built from flimsy
materials = no protection

Environmental
- air pollution from factory emissions
- 40% only of rubbish collected
- no sewage systems

Economic
- not enough formal jobs for all migrants
- sprawl of poverty
- lack of enjoyable jobs

Question 13

Lagos positives

Answer 13

• range of jobs
• education, 10 universities, passport out of poverty, get into film, business and fashion industries e.g nollywood
• 1000s of people come every week
• young work force
• better health care access, increased life expectancy, won’t die from curable diseases
• improved transport, lagos blue rail line (jan 2023) - lagos mainland to marina, expected to transport 250,000 passengers
• better access to energy, two new power stations planned to be built
• large access to water but must be cleaned

Question 14

Lagos schemes

Answer 14

eko atlantic
lekki trade zone
future proofing plans - provide 100% access to energy
water master plan - meet rising water demand + treatment facilities

Question 15

What is the olusosun rubbish dump

Answer 15

• 500 people work there
• lots of shops, restaurants, mosque around dump
• huge landfill site
• workers sort 3000 tonnes of waste each day
• workers build homes out of discarded material
• people save money by using waste
  However;
• natural gases build up under decomposing rubbish = lead to fire
• electric waste an release toxic fumes, so must be treated, workers can breathe in fumes = bad for health
• lots of workers have no protection from shark objects e.g shoes, gloves

Question 16

What is the effects of the informal sector - pos/neg

Answer 16

neg - Less taxes payed to government, so can’t invest in services, government can’t trade in goods, workers living in dangerous hazardous conditions, no minimum wage, no holidays, intensive labour

pos - people earn money without loosing most of it, people work hard themselves to make local area better place, informal sectors offer things people need, creates community, people still have jobs, offers foothold to live in Lagos

Question 17

How are opportunities limited in lagos

Answer 17

• people will be evicted from homes if transformation occurs
• lots of people naturally die from curable diseases anyway because they can’t reach health care in time
• people too busy working, stuck in poverty, can’t afford/no time for education
• transport can’t fit everyone, still lots of traffic congestion on roads
• short energy supply in lagos, wealthier people use up energy
• people still unable to access safely piped water, must walk miles
• people still working in horrible conditions which don’t sustain them enough income

Question 18

how does lagos population growth lead to opportunities

Answer 18

-encouraged growth in services
-more workers = more stable economy
- more people likely to join other job sectors = pays tax to government

Question 19

What is Victoria island

Answer 19

• financial centre of lagos
• offers wide range of shops, restaurants, entertainment venues
• lekki free trade zone = major industrial area which has stimulated economic development, china company cooperation’s, 100 ,000 jobs will be created, people in local area have more money to spend on services, increases skilled work force + demand for services = more created = more jobs

Question 20

what are the opportunities and challenges in makoko

Answer 20

chall - lack of sanitation, lack of access to clean water, no legal rights, poor health, unemployment, poor work quality, frequent power cuts, 80% of pop relies on diesel generators, widespread diseases, 75% of households occupy single room, 11% have access to safe piped water, 50% no kitchen, bath, toilets

opps - education - yabba college of tech caters 16,000 students, can supply 12 million people with drinking water

Question 21

Define pollution

Answer 21

presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other harmful substances and there effects on environment

Question 22

Define sanitation

Answer 22

measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water, disposal of sewage and waste

Question 23

What are the pollution sanitation and supply problems in lagos

Answer 23

• water that exists is polluted, hard for government to implement adequate infrastructure, lack of sanitation leads to strain on health care
• only 10% access to water from LWC
• rising sea levels can lead to water contamination - salt water intrusion
• no adequate water treatment
• spread of water bourne diseases e.g chlorella + dysentry

Question 24

What water strategies will be used in Lagos

Answer 24

• water treatment plans (currently only supply 10% of population)
• open drains carry surface rain water
• residents build boreholes to obtain groundwater from deep underground

Question 25

Impacts of rapid urbanisation

Answer 25

more waste, more pollution, rapid unplanned housing - not built safely, more transport = more air pollution, unregulated increase in industries - create unnesseccary waste

Question 26

What are the future issues for lagos

Answer 26

- increasing population density - rising sea levels - unreliable power and water supply - waste build up

Question 27

What are the management strategies for future issues in Lagos

Answer 27

- rich aid poor - houses built on stilts - power station, water sanitation facilities built - more eco friendly resources used - more government investment - limited child birth - lagos rent to own strategy - pay for housing very slowly over years, locals own 5%of value, provides urban poor with access to good quality housing, however will take long to to implement strategy effectively - MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL - unskilled workers learn, education, models sustainability, jobs

Question 28

Describe eko atlantic project

Answer 28

Economic Growth: The project is expected to contribute significantly to Nigeria's economic growth by attracting investment, creating jobs, and fostering business opportunities. Infrastructure Development: Eco Atlantic City aims to provide modern infrastructure including roads, utilities, and sustainable amenities, which can improve the quality of life for residents and businesses. Environmental Sustainability: The project incorporates eco-friendly practices and sustainable design principles, such as coastal protection measures and green spaces, to mitigate environmental impact and promote long-term sustainability. Urban Planning: Eco Atlantic City follows a well-planned urban development model, which can alleviate congestion in Lagos and provide efficient transportation systems, leading to better mobility for residents and visitors. Disadvantages: Displacement: Large-scale development projects like Eco Atlantic City can lead to the displacement of existing communities and disruption of livelihoods, raising concerns about social inequality and marginalization. Cost and Financing: The project requires substantial investment, and financing challenges may arise due to economic uncertainties or funding constraints, potentially delaying or scaling back development plans. Environmental Concerns: Despite efforts to incorporate sustainable practices, there are concerns about the environmental impact of reclaiming land from the Atlantic Ocean and the potential disruption to marine ecosystems and coastal habitats. Gentrification: There's a risk that the development could lead to gentrification, where property prices rise, making it unaffordable for lower-income residents and altering the socio-economic fabric of surrounding neighbourhoods. Characteristics: Mixed-Use Development: Eco Atlantic City is designed as a mixed-use development, featuring residential, commercial, retail, and recreational spaces, creating a vibrant and integrated urban environment. Waterfront Location: Situated along the Atlantic Ocean coastline, the project offers picturesque waterfront views and access to recreational activities, enhancing its appeal to residents and visitors. Master-Planned Community: The project follows a master-planned approach, with careful consideration given to zoning, architecture, and public spaces, aiming to create a cohesive and well-functioning community. Smart City Features: Eco Atlantic City incorporates smart city technologies and digital infrastructure to enhance efficiency, connectivity, and sustainability, making it a model for future urban development in Africa.

Question 29

Nigerian push factors

Answer 29

- poor soil quality - lack of rural jobs - less access to infrastructure - civil war (boko haram north nigeria) - food insecurity - pollution - resource shortages - droughts and floods

Question 30

what is the multiplier effect

Answer 30

more jobs, more disposable income, more spent, increase in economic stability, repeat

Question 31

Characteristics of makoko

Answer 31

characteristics - 250,000 living there, east lagos, squatter settlement , life expectancy undr 40, homes built on rubbish on water, overcrowded, vast swamp

Question 32

Transport strategies

Answer 32

- Lagos metropolitan area transport authority - Bus raid transit system - 200,000 people - separate lane for buses = reduction in travel time by 30%, 2000 new jobs made, reduction in air pollution 13 % However 10 minute bus waiting time, can't supply growing population yet, only covers some parts of city