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GCSE Geography case studies > London > Flashcards

London Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the population of London?

A

8.8 million

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2
Q

Where is London located?

A

In the South East of England on the River Thames

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3
Q

How has greater London’s population increased since 2011?

A

Increased by 7.7%

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4
Q

What are the two main factors to London’s success?

A

-the city became a port since the Thames is a tidal river
-the city was constructed at the lowest bridging point on the Thames

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5
Q

What was London a centre for in the 18th Century?

A

trade and commerce

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6
Q

How did London’s population increase in the Industrial period?

A

rural-urban migration occurred as employment opportunities increased due to the new secondary industries

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7
Q

What does London remain a centre for and why?

A

It remains a centre for the UK’s transport network as both the UK’s road and rail network’s are focused on London

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8
Q

How much of the UK’s GDP does London generate?

A

22%

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9
Q

How much of the UK’s pop does London account for?

A

12.5%

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10
Q

What proportion of the UK student pop live in London?

A

one-fifth

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11
Q

What type of City is London?

A

a world city

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12
Q

What is London one of the most important in the world?

A

It is one of the most important financial centres

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13
Q

How does the city attract highly skilled workers from across the globe?

A

it is home to the headquarters of many international and British companies

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14
Q

What does have the second-best in the world after Dubai?

A

air connections

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15
Q

How does London maintain its importance as a tourist destination and maintain its global connections?

A

it is home to the UK’s two busiest airports, Gatwick and Heathrow

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16
Q

What percentage of the city contains green space?

A

47%

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17
Q

When is London predicted to become a megacity?

A

in 2030 when its population reaches 10 million

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18
Q

Why does London have a younger population than the rest of the UK?

A

young people move to London as they are attracted by employment opportunities, higher pay, etc

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19
Q

What does London’s young pop lead to?

A

a high rate of natural increase

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20
Q

What else leads to London’s pop?

A

migrants from around the world

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21
Q

What remain low in London?

A

net migrations

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22
Q

Even though net migration is low, why does London still have great natural increase?

A

Those migrants that are leaving are older while the ones that are coming are younger

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23
Q

When did London’s pop fall?

A

in 1941

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24
Q

Why did London’s pop fall in 1941?

A

bombing in WW1

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25
Q

Since when has London’s pop been increasing?

A

1991

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26
Q

What has driven the demand for housing?

A

migrants and natural increase

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27
Q

What are the advantages of building on greenfield sites?

A

-cheaper
-easily accessible
-less restrictive

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28
Q

What are the disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?

A

-contributes to urban sprawl which reduces biodiversity, reduces green spaces, and permeable surfaces
-increased air pollution and traffic congestion

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29
Q

What are the disadvantages of brownfield sites?

A

-more expensive due to location and clean up costs
-not always appealing as they are surrounded by deprived areas

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30
Q

What are the advantages of brownfield sites?

A

does not use up space and may be better connected to transport routes

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31
Q

What is the negative of new builds?

A

It affects the character of the city

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32
Q

What has allowed the movement of people?

A

Globalisation

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33
Q

What happened after the 2nd World War?

A

many people moved from parts of the British empire such as Jamaica

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34
Q

What has lead to more migrants from Eastern Europe?

A

free movement withing Europe

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35
Q

What are the two types of international migrants?

A

high skilled and low skilled workers

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36
Q

What do low skilled migrants do?

A

they do jobs that people in the UK do not wish to do or jobs where there are shortages

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37
Q

What do high skilled workers do?

A

they take up high skilled jobs in the knowledge economy in the city

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38
Q

What age do internal migrants tend to be?

A

20-30

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39
Q

What do the high rate of young internal migrants lead to?

A

a high rate of pop increase

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40
Q

Why do people generally move into London?

A

for work and they are often highly qualified grads and the perception of a better social life

41
Q

Why do people leave London?

A

to have kids

42
Q

What is one of the causes of counter urbanisation?

A

people leaving London to raise their children

43
Q

What sector has experienced the most growth?

A

the service sector, particularly finance

44
Q

What has the growth of the service sector contributed to?

A

generating new jobs and driving London’s economic growth

45
Q

What have contributed to a multiplier effect in London?

A

growth of wealth in London and increased tourism

46
Q

What has helped reduce traffic congestion and CO2 emissions?

A

TFL

47
Q

What is the negative impact of the TFL?

A

the coverage of the Tube to the suburbs has lead to urban sprawl, leading to construction on the green belt

48
Q

How many trees are there in London?

A

8.3 million trees

49
Q

How many species are there in London?

A

13,000

50
Q

What do green spaces reduce the risk of?

A

flooding

51
Q

How do people enjoy green spaces and what can this improve?

A

for physical activity which can improve mental well being

52
Q

What percentage of the UK’s pop is born outside the UK?

A

41%

53
Q

What are the benefits of diversity in London?

A

-incredible diversity of culinary options
-multicultural music scene
-promotes social cohesion

54
Q

Example of multicultural event

A

Notting Hill Carnival

55
Q

What did London become the first of in June 2019?

A

world’s first National Park City

56
Q

What is the city 50%?

A

green and blue spaces

57
Q

What leisure opportunities does London boast?

A

-London’s West End
-cultural and historical landmarks
-world class museums and galleries

58
Q

What has deindustrialisation caused?

A

the manufacturing sector has faced decline in employment opportunities

59
Q

Why is there high levels of unemployment in East London?

A

unskilled people are unable to access highly specialised jobs

60
Q

What has high levels of unemployment lead to?

A

high levels of depravation

61
Q

Examples of a highly deprived area:

A

Tower Hamlets

62
Q

What was London’s employment rate in 2022?

A

76%

63
Q

What is the national average employment rate?

A

75.4%

64
Q

What is London’s ranking for employment out of the other cities?

A

26th out of 63

65
Q

In what part of the city are there high levels of unemployment?

A

inner city areas

66
Q

By how much is London’s pop increasing annually?

A

10,000

67
Q

How many residences are being constructed annually?

A

20,000

68
Q

What has the demand for housing caused?

A

prices to rise significantly between 2010 and 2023

69
Q

For what group in particular are there housing shortages?

A

low income groups

70
Q

How many total dwelling stock is there in London?

A

3,671,000

71
Q

How many of the total dwelling stock is affordable rent homes?

A

45,440

72
Q

What has urban change created?

A

inequalities inn healthcare

73
Q

What has caused inequalities in healthcare?

A

disparities in wealth throughout the city

74
Q

What does the NHS record in less affluent areas?

A

higher levels of poor health, lower life expectancy and increased premature death

75
Q

What percentage of state educated students in London 2021/22 achieved a 9-4 in GCSE Maths and English?

A

74.3%

76
Q

What percentage of state educated students in 2021/22 in the UK achieved a 9-4 in GCSE Maths and English?

A

69%

77
Q

What is the trend in educational attainment and UK boroughs?

A

There are significant inequalities as the boroughs with high levels of deprivation tend to have low educational attainment

78
Q

Examples of boroughs with low levels of attainment

A

Lewisham and Lambeth

79
Q

What has deindustrialisation left in East London?

A

derelict buildings in particular warehouses

80
Q

What are industrial areas frequently?

A

contaminated

81
Q

What is an increasing amount of being generated with the increasing pop?

A

waste

82
Q

What proportion of London’s waste is being disposed of in landfill outside the city?

A

1/4

83
Q

Why must waste disposal in London change?

A

it is becoming less acceptable to use landfill

84
Q

What is the waste target for 2030 in London?

A

zero waste to landfill

85
Q

What will recycling rates increase to in 2030

A

65%

86
Q

What recycling rate was achieved in 2016?

A

52%

87
Q

What will occur to any recycled waste?

A

it will be burned to generate electricity

88
Q

What does London regularly exceed EU limits for?

A

NO2 pollution

89
Q

What has caused the rise in impermeable surfaces?

A

the increase in parking spaces

90
Q

What are the consequences of an increase in impermeable surfaces?

A

less infiltration which leads to more surface run off which causes flash flooding

91
Q

What is unplanned urban growth called?

A

urban sprawl

92
Q

What are the negatives of urban sprawl?

A

-loss of habitat and countryside, causes decreased biodiversity
-increase in traffic congestion and air pollution which can annoy local residents

93
Q

Example of regeneration of brown field site

A

the regeneration of Stratford for the Olympic games

94
Q

What does the growth of London also encourage?

A

the growth of commuter settlements in SE England

95
Q

Where has urban sprawl shifted to?

A

commuter settlements outside the green belt such as Reading

96
Q

What are the positives of urban sprawl in commuter settlements?

A

rapid growth of new housing estates and business parks

97
Q

What are the negatives of urban sprawl in commuter settlements?

A

towns start to lose character, and become to expensive for most people

98
Q

by how much has ULEZ decreased air pollution?

A

25%

99
Q

by how many cars does ULEZ stop entering a day?

A

13,000

GCSE Geography case studies (21 decks)

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