London Flashcards
What is the population of London?
8.8 million
Where is London located?
In the South East of England on the River Thames
How has greater London’s population increased since 2011?
Increased by 7.7%
What are the two main factors to London’s success?
-the city became a port since the Thames is a tidal river
-the city was constructed at the lowest bridging point on the Thames
What was London a centre for in the 18th Century?
trade and commerce
How did London’s population increase in the Industrial period?
rural-urban migration occurred as employment opportunities increased due to the new secondary industries
What does London remain a centre for and why?
It remains a centre for the UK’s transport network as both the UK’s road and rail network’s are focused on London
How much of the UK’s GDP does London generate?
22%
How much of the UK’s pop does London account for?
12.5%
What proportion of the UK student pop live in London?
one-fifth
What type of City is London?
a world city
What is London one of the most important in the world?
It is one of the most important financial centres
How does the city attract highly skilled workers from across the globe?
it is home to the headquarters of many international and British companies
What does have the second-best in the world after Dubai?
air connections
How does London maintain its importance as a tourist destination and maintain its global connections?
it is home to the UK’s two busiest airports, Gatwick and Heathrow
What percentage of the city contains green space?
47%
When is London predicted to become a megacity?
in 2030 when its population reaches 10 million
Why does London have a younger population than the rest of the UK?
young people move to London as they are attracted by employment opportunities, higher pay, etc
What does London’s young pop lead to?
a high rate of natural increase
What else leads to London’s pop?
migrants from around the world
What remain low in London?
net migrations
Even though net migration is low, why does London still have great natural increase?
Those migrants that are leaving are older while the ones that are coming are younger
When did London’s pop fall?
in 1941
Why did London’s pop fall in 1941?
bombing in WW1
Since when has London’s pop been increasing?
1991
What has driven the demand for housing?
migrants and natural increase
What are the advantages of building on greenfield sites?
-cheaper
-easily accessible
-less restrictive
What are the disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?
-contributes to urban sprawl which reduces biodiversity, reduces green spaces, and permeable surfaces
-increased air pollution and traffic congestion
What are the disadvantages of brownfield sites?
-more expensive due to location and clean up costs
-not always appealing as they are surrounded by deprived areas
What are the advantages of brownfield sites?
does not use up space and may be better connected to transport routes
What is the negative of new builds?
It affects the character of the city
What has allowed the movement of people?
Globalisation
What happened after the 2nd World War?
many people moved from parts of the British empire such as Jamaica
What has lead to more migrants from Eastern Europe?
free movement withing Europe
What are the two types of international migrants?
high skilled and low skilled workers
What do low skilled migrants do?
they do jobs that people in the UK do not wish to do or jobs where there are shortages
What do high skilled workers do?
they take up high skilled jobs in the knowledge economy in the city
What age do internal migrants tend to be?
20-30
What do the high rate of young internal migrants lead to?
a high rate of pop increase
Why do people generally move into London?
for work and they are often highly qualified grads and the perception of a better social life
Why do people leave London?
to have kids
What is one of the causes of counter urbanisation?
people leaving London to raise their children
What sector has experienced the most growth?
the service sector, particularly finance
What has the growth of the service sector contributed to?
generating new jobs and driving London’s economic growth
What have contributed to a multiplier effect in London?
growth of wealth in London and increased tourism
What has helped reduce traffic congestion and CO2 emissions?
TFL
What is the negative impact of the TFL?
the coverage of the Tube to the suburbs has lead to urban sprawl, leading to construction on the green belt
How many trees are there in London?
8.3 million trees
How many species are there in London?
13,000
What do green spaces reduce the risk of?
flooding
How do people enjoy green spaces and what can this improve?
for physical activity which can improve mental well being
What percentage of the UK’s pop is born outside the UK?
41%
What are the benefits of diversity in London?
-incredible diversity of culinary options
-multicultural music scene
-promotes social cohesion
Example of multicultural event
Notting Hill Carnival
What did London become the first of in June 2019?
world’s first National Park City
What is the city 50%?
green and blue spaces
What leisure opportunities does London boast?
-London’s West End
-cultural and historical landmarks
-world class museums and galleries
What has deindustrialisation caused?
the manufacturing sector has faced decline in employment opportunities
Why is there high levels of unemployment in East London?
unskilled people are unable to access highly specialised jobs
What has high levels of unemployment lead to?
high levels of depravation
Examples of a highly deprived area:
Tower Hamlets
What was London’s employment rate in 2022?
76%
What is the national average employment rate?
75.4%
What is London’s ranking for employment out of the other cities?
26th out of 63
In what part of the city are there high levels of unemployment?
inner city areas
By how much is London’s pop increasing annually?
10,000
How many residences are being constructed annually?
20,000
What has the demand for housing caused?
prices to rise significantly between 2010 and 2023
For what group in particular are there housing shortages?
low income groups
How many total dwelling stock is there in London?
3,671,000
How many of the total dwelling stock is affordable rent homes?
45,440
What has urban change created?
inequalities inn healthcare
What has caused inequalities in healthcare?
disparities in wealth throughout the city
What does the NHS record in less affluent areas?
higher levels of poor health, lower life expectancy and increased premature death
What percentage of state educated students in London 2021/22 achieved a 9-4 in GCSE Maths and English?
74.3%
What percentage of state educated students in 2021/22 in the UK achieved a 9-4 in GCSE Maths and English?
69%
What is the trend in educational attainment and UK boroughs?
There are significant inequalities as the boroughs with high levels of deprivation tend to have low educational attainment
Examples of boroughs with low levels of attainment
Lewisham and Lambeth
What has deindustrialisation left in East London?
derelict buildings in particular warehouses
What are industrial areas frequently?
contaminated
What is an increasing amount of being generated with the increasing pop?
waste
What proportion of London’s waste is being disposed of in landfill outside the city?
1/4
Why must waste disposal in London change?
it is becoming less acceptable to use landfill
What is the waste target for 2030 in London?
zero waste to landfill
What will recycling rates increase to in 2030
65%
What recycling rate was achieved in 2016?
52%
What will occur to any recycled waste?
it will be burned to generate electricity
What does London regularly exceed EU limits for?
NO2 pollution
What has caused the rise in impermeable surfaces?
the increase in parking spaces
What are the consequences of an increase in impermeable surfaces?
less infiltration which leads to more surface run off which causes flash flooding
What is unplanned urban growth called?
urban sprawl
What are the negatives of urban sprawl?
-loss of habitat and countryside, causes decreased biodiversity
-increase in traffic congestion and air pollution which can annoy local residents
Example of regeneration of brown field site
the regeneration of Stratford for the Olympic games
What does the growth of London also encourage?
the growth of commuter settlements in SE England
Where has urban sprawl shifted to?
commuter settlements outside the green belt such as Reading
What are the positives of urban sprawl in commuter settlements?
rapid growth of new housing estates and business parks
What are the negatives of urban sprawl in commuter settlements?
towns start to lose character, and become to expensive for most people
by how much has ULEZ decreased air pollution?
25%
by how many cars does ULEZ stop entering a day?
13,000
