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FWS Soggywaffle > Loire > Flashcards

Loire Flashcards

1
Q
  1. How does the Loire River influence vineyards?
  2. What is the climate of Pays Nantais?
  3. Climate of middle Loire?
  4. Climate of Central and Upper Loire?
  5. Top 5 Loire grape production?
  6. How long is the Loire River?
A
  1. Warms the area
  2. Maritime
  3. Maritime with continental influences
  4. Continental
  5. CF (25%), SB (16%), Chenin Blanc (15%), Melon (14%), Gamay (7%)
  6. About 620 miles
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2
Q

1, What is the Angevin Empire?

  1. Wine wise, what was the result?
  2. What happened in 1429?
  3. What stood out for the aristocracy in the Loire?
A
  1. English monarch ruling most of western France until 1214 (started after Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry Plantagenet
  2. Loire wines exported to England and were popular there for 300+ years
  3. Joan of Arc journeyed to Chinon to meet with the future Charles VII to drive English out
  4. Chateaux and hunting
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3
Q
  1. What happened in 1577?
  2. What was the Dutch influence?
  3. What was the result of the French Revolution?
A
  1. Parisian Decree- Parisians couldnot buy wine produced less than 20 leagues from capital (led to new vineyard plantings)
  2. Influenced locals to plant more white varieties such as Folle Blanche to make brandy
  3. Devastating, esp around Nantes and Angers
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4
Q
  1. What is the origin of the word “Loire”?
  2. Loire river traits?
  3. What are “gabarres”, “sapines”, “auvergnates”?
    4 What was the effect of the railways in the 1840s?
  4. What did phylloxera ultimate force Loire vignerons to do?
A
  1. Latin world “Liger” meaning silt or sediment
    2 Very strong, current only flows one way (downriver). Water level could be low 1/3 of year, making travel tough
  2. Flat bottomed boats carrying wines to Nantes in old times
  3. Put Loire in competition with southern France, forcing them to up quality
  4. Replant with best grapes in subregions: Melon in Pays Nantais, Chenin Blanc and CF in Middle, SB in Centre
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5
Q

Loire:

  1. Production % of AOC vs IG vs Vin de France?
  2. Pays Nantais climate?main grape?
  3. Anjou Saumur climate? Main grapes?
  4. Touraine climate? main grapes?
  5. Central Loire climate? Main grapes? famous AOCs?
  6. Upper Loire climate? is it well known?
  7. How many IGPs are in the Loire? What is the most important one?
A
  1. AOC 83.5%, IGP 9%, Vin de France 7.5%
  2. Maritime, Melon de Bourgogne
  3. Maritime with continental influences, CB (whites), CF (reds)
  4. Maritime with continental influences, CB and SB (whites), CF , COt, Gamay (reds)
  5. Continental, SB, Sancerre and Pouilly Fume
  6. Continental, no as rarely exported
  7. Six, Val de Loire IGP (covers entire Loire valley, 60% white)
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6
Q

Loire:

  1. Style production %?
  2. Top 5 AOC production
A
  1. White 44%, Rose 25%, Red 18%, Sparkling 13%

2. “Other” 27%< Cabernet d’Anjou AOC 15%, Touraine AOC 10%, Sancerre AOC 9%, Muscadet Sevre et Maine AOC 9%

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7
Q

Loire vineyards:

  1. At the historical ____ limit for viable viticulture
  2. What canopy management techniques can help lead to an earlier harvest?
  3. When does harvest usually start? Which grapes are harvested first? last?
  4. Most common training methods?
A
  1. Northern
  2. short pruning, de-budding, green harvesting
  3. September 15. Melon form Pays Nantais and sparkling wine grapes first, CF and late harvest CB last
  4. Guyot, Cordon
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8
Q
  1. Most Loire white wines are vinified to preserve ___ and ___.
  2. What are reductive techniques?
  3. Is malolactic used?
  4. If oak is used, what vehicle?
  5. Is lees aging common?
  6. Is chaptalization allowed?
  7. What grapes are used in sweet wine?
A
  1. Acidity, freshness
  2. Quick harvest followed by ferm in temp controlled tanks
  3. Usually NO
  4. Large 400-600L oak vats (unusual)
  5. yes
  6. yes but only in certain years and certain condition
  7. CB (main), Malvoisie (=PG) and Romorantin
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9
Q 
Translation and sugat levels of:
1. Sec
2. Demi Sec
3. Moelleux
4 Doux
A
  1. Dry, <0.4%
  2. Medium Dry, 0.4-1.2%
  3. Medium Sweet, 1.2-4.5%
  4. Doux, >4.5%
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10
Q

Loire Rose:

  1. Made by which methods?
  2. What is done to make off dry rose from Anjou?
A
  1. Direct press/saignee

2. Stop ferm by chilling to maintain some sweetness

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11
Q 
Pays Natais:
1. Climate?
2. Bud break occurs early or late?
3. Mountains, foothills, or flat?
4, What notable topographic landmark is the Pays Natais part of? What are its soils?
A
  1. Maritime
  2. The earliest in Loire
  3. Flat
  4. Massif Armorican. Volcanic, igneous, metamorphic
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12
Q

Pays Nantais:

  1. Most important grape?
  2. Other white grapes here?
A
  1. Melon (Melon de Bourgogne) historically known as Muscadet

2. chardonnay, Folle Blancje, CB, Colombard, Montils, SB

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13
Q

Muscadet AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Grapes?
  3. This AOC produces what % of all Muscadet?
  4. What requirement of labeling took effect in 2020?
A
  1. Dry whites only
  2. Usually 100% Melon (although as of 2021 up to 10% Chardonnay allowed
  3. 20%
  4. AOC cannot label wines as “sur lie”
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14
Q

Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. relative size?
  3. topography feature?
A
  1. Dry white only, 100% Melon
  2. Smallest AOC of Muscadet
  3. vineyards on slopes (unlike the other AOCs)
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15
Q

Muscadet Cotes de Grandlieu AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Weather feature and resulting wine note?
A
  1. Dry whites from 100% Melon

2. Atlantic breezes chase away storm clouds and bring salinity to wines

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16
Q

Muscadet Sevre et Maine AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. What % of all Muscadet wine? What % is aged sur lie?
A
  1. Dry whites, 100% Melon
  2. 75%
  3. 90%
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17
Q

What are the Muscadet Sevre et Maine DGCs?

A

Goulaine, Mouaillon-Tillieeres, Gorges, Clisson, Monnierres Saint Fiacre, Chateau Thebaud, Le Pallet, Le Haye Fouassiere (future), Vallet (future)

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18
Q

Requirements for wines labels “sur lie”:

A

Must be bottled between March 1st and Dec 31st of year after harvest (so wines with longer lees aging such as M Severe de Main DGCs can’t have it on label

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19
Q
  1. Soils of Sammur are composed of?

2. What did this help build?

A
  1. White chalk- Tuffeau (Turnian chalk)

2. Chateaux

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20
Q

Anjou Saumur:

  1. Climate?
  2. What 2 geological features meet in Angers?
  3. Soil types in west? east?
A
  1. Maritime with continental influences
  2. Massif Armoricain (west), Paris Basin (east)
  3. Dark schist/sandsrone, Tuffeau
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21
Q

Anjou Saumur:

  1. White grape types?
  2. Rose types?
  3. Red grapes (main)?
  4. Red grapes (secondary)?
A
  1. Chenin Blanc (main)
    SB, Chardonnay, Orbois/Arboid (secondary)
  2. Grolleau Gris (sperkling, rose), SB (white wines of Haut Poitou)
  3. CF (main), Grolleau Noir (main for off dry Rose d’Anjou. also in dry Rose and sparkling)
  4. CS, Merlot, Gamary, Pineau d’Aunis, PN, Cot
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22
Q 
Anjou AOC:
1. White grapes?
2. Rose/Gris?
3. Red?
4 When is Anjou Gamay launched?
5. Is sparkling produced? What is it called?
A
  1. CB (main), chard, SB
  2. Grolleau Gris
  3. Often 100% CF, sometimes CF+CS, Grolleau and Pnieau d’Anuis can be used
  4. 3rd Thursday of November in year of harvest
  5. yes (small amount), petillant an mousseux (Fines Bulles)
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23
Q

Rose d’Anjou AOC:

  1. Territory covered?
  2. Styles?
  3. Minimum sugar?
  4. Grapes?
A
  1. Same as Anjou AOC
  2. Only rose in off dry style
  3. 0.7%
  4. Grolleau (main), CF, CS, Gamay, Pinor d’Aunis OK
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24
Q

Cabernet d’Anjou AOC:

  1. Territory covered?
  2. Grapes?
  3. Is there sweetness?
A
  1. same as Anjou AOC
  2. Red: CF CS
  3. Yes (minimum 1%)
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25
Q

Anjou Villages AOC:

  1. Styles/grapes?
  2. How many communes can produce? Reputation?
  3. Can village name appear on label?
A
  1. Red wine only. CF, CS
    1. Best terroirs for red wines in Anjou AOC.
  3. No
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26
Q

Rose de Loire AOC:

  1. Territory?
  2. Styles?
  3. Grapes?
A
  1. Covers all Anjou-Saumur and all of Touraine
  2. Only dry rose
  3. Grolleau Gris, Grolleau, CF, CS, Gamay, Pineau d’Aunis, PN all OK
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27
Q

Cremant de Loire AOC:

  1. Territory?
  2. Styles?
  3. Time on lees?
  4. Styles/grapes?
A
  1. All of Anjou Saumur and Touraine
  2. Sparkling wines by traditional method
  3. 9+ months
  4. White or rose. CB, CF, Chardonnay
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28
Q

Savennieres AOC:

  1. Topography features?
  2. Styles?
  3. Soils?
  4. What 2 AOCs are contained with its boundaries?
A
  1. Vineyards planted on 5 steep, south facing hills
  2. Famous for dry 100% CB wines (semi sweet and sweet are allowed)
  3. Slate, schist, volcanic rock aeolian sands
  4. Savennieres Roche aux Moines AOC and Coulee de Serrant AOC
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29
Q

Anjou Briassc AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Topography features?
A
  1. Red wine only. CF, CS

2. Sheltered by forest from ocean breezes, so warmer and drier

30
Q

Saumur AOC:

  1. Whites?
  2. Reds?
  3. Roses?
  4. What is its one DGC?
  5. What is by far the biggest production?
  6. Requirements for sparkling? Main grapes?
A
  1. 100% CB and dry
  2. mainly CF, some CS or Pineau d/Anuis
  3. CF+CS, dry
  4. Puy Notre Dame (reds from CF)
  5. Sparkling (mousseux)
  6. Traditional method, 9 months sur lie. CB for white, CF for rose
31
Q

Saumur-Campigny AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Grapes?
  3. Soils?
  4. Where does “Champigny” come from?
A
  1. Red wine only
  2. CF (main), CS, Pinot d/Annuis
  3. Tuffeau (provide elegance, soft tannins, freshness0
  4. “field of fire” in Latin- warm local conditions. Most important red AOC in Anjou-Saumur
32
Q

Anjou-Coteaux de La Loire AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Minimum residual sugar?
  3. Geographical feature?
A
  1. Semi-sweet to sweet from Chenin Blanc
  2. 3.4%
  3. AOC always close to river, so temps are moderated and plenty of autumn fog
33
Q

Coteaux de l’Aubance AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Minimum sweetness?
  3. Geographical feature?
A
  1. Semi-sweet to sweet from CB
  2. 3.4%
  3. Warmest of Anjou AOCs, well protected by forests, hugs the Aubance River
34
Q

Couteaux du Layon AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Minimum sweetness?
  3. Geographical features?
  4. How many DGCs can add their names to the label?
  5. What are requirements to add Section de Grains Nobles to label?
A
  1. Semi-sweet to sweet from CB
  2. 3.4%
  3. Vineyards face S-SW so quite hot, but Atlantic breezes cool area
  4. Six
  5. Noble rot AND harvested with 19% potential alcohol
35
Q

Savennieres Roche aux Moines AOC:

  1. Boundary wise where is it?
  2. Styles?
  3. Yields? Harvesting?
A
  1. It’s a lieu-dit within boundaries of Savennieres AOC.
  2. Famous for dry whites from CB. Also makes semi sweet to sweet when botryris develops (minimum sugar 3%)
  3. Lower than Savennieres, must use hand harvesting with minimum 2 passes, no chaptalization
36
Q

Coulee de Serrant AOC:

  1. Where is it?
  2. It is a monopolie owned by who?
  3. Yields? Harvesting?
A
  1. Within Savennieres AOC
  2. Nicolas Joly
  3. Biodynamic farming, low yields, hand harvested minimum of 2 passes
37
Q

Coteaux du Layon 1er Cru Chaume DGC:

  1. Style?
  2. Harvesting?
  3. Minimum sugar?
A
  1. Sweet wines from CB
  2. Handpicked only overripe grapes, yields lower than Coteaux du Layon
  3. 8%
38
Q

Quarts de Chaume Grand Cru AOC:

  1. Topography?
  2. Styles?
  3. Claim to fame?
A
  1. Vineyards face south, border Layon River
  2. Sweet wines from CB
  3. Sweetest wines from Anjou-Saumur (8.5%)
39
Q

Bonnezeaux AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Minimum sugar?
  3. Telling wine trait?
A
  1. Sweet wines from CB
  2. 5.1%
  3. High acidity than other A-S sweet wines
40
Q
  1. What is passerillage?
  2. Which A-S AOCs often use botrytis?
  3. Which A-S AOCs can use Selection de Grains Nobles on label?
A
  1. Late harvesting (as opposed to Botrytis)
  2. Coteaux du Layon AOC, Coteaux du Layon 1er Cru Chaume DGC, Quarts de Chaume Grad Cru AOC, Bonnezeaux AOC, Coteaux de l’Aubance AOC
  3. Coteaux du Layon AOC, Coteaux de l’Aubance AOC
41
Q

Mousseux:

  1. More or less demanding production standards than Cremant?
  2. Aging requirement?
  3. What’s the minimum pressure?
A
  1. Less
  2. No
  3. 3 atms
42
Q

Petillant:

  1. Definition?
  2. Minimum pressure?
A
  1. FIzzy

2. 1-2.5 atms

43
Q

Pet Nat:

1. What is it?

A
  1. Sparkling wines made by ancestral method
44
Q

Cremant:

  1. Aging requirement?
  2. What 8 regions outside Champagne produce cremant?
A
  1. 9 months

2. Loire, Alsace, Bourgogne, Bordeaux, Juria, Savoie, Limoux, Die

45
Q
  1. Anjou AOC Production top 3?

2. Saumour AOC production top 2?

A
  1. Cabernet d’Anjou AOC (60%), Rose d’Anjou AOC (19%), Anjou AOC (11%)
  2. Saumur AOC (59%), Saumur-Champigny AOC (37%)
46
Q

Touraine:

  1. Climate?
  2. Soil types?
  3. General divisions and grapes?
  4. What are the white grapes?
  5. Rose/Gris grapes?
  6. Red grapes?
A
  1. Semi continental (spring frosts a risk)
  2. Tuffeau (west), flinty clay (east), clay/limestone (hillsides), sedimentary deposits (near rivers)
  3. West (red wine from CF), Central (white wine from CB), East (white wine from SB)
  4. CB and SB (primary), Romorantin (only Cour-Cheverny), Chardonnay, Orbois
  5. Grolleau Gris, Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Gris
  6. CF, Cot, Gamay (primary), CS, Grolleau, Merlot, Meunier, Pineau d’Anuis, PN
47
Q

Touraine AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Permitted grapes?
  3. West of ___ reds are based on ___ and East of ___ red are based on ___. AOC also produces Gamay and Gamay ___.
  4. Are roses dry or sweet? Blending requirements?
  5. Sparkling lees time? grapes?
A
  1. Dry white, Rose, Red, rose/white sparkling
  2. Same as Touraine region
  3. Tours, CF, Cot, primeur
  4. Dry. At least 2 of approved grape varieties, no one grape can exceed 70%
  5. 9 months, CB
48
Q

What are the 5 DGCs in Touraine AOC?

A

Amboise, Azay-le-Rideau, Chenonceaux, Mesland,

Oisly

49
Q

Touraine Noble Joue AOC:

  1. Types?
  2. Claim to fame?
A
  1. Only rose wines

2. Distinctive vin gris from Meunier, PN, PG

50
Q

Valencay AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Soils?
  3. Other claim to fame?
A
  1. Dry white (SB), rose, red (Gamay)
  2. Chalk, perruches (stony flinty clay), sandy gravels
  3. Cheese
51
Q

Chinon AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Grapes?
  3. Climate traits?
A
  1. Reds (famous), dry white, rose
  2. CF (red/rose), CB
  3. One of warmest areas in Touraine
52
Q

Bourgeil AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Grapes?
  3. “Gravel wines vs. Tuffeau wines”
A
  1. Red and rose
  2. CF, CS
  3. Gravel- raspberry fruit. Tuffeau- more structured and complex
53
Q

Saint Nicolas de Bourgueil AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Grapes?
  3. Commonalities with Bourgueil?
A
  1. Red and rose
  2. CF (mainly), CS
  3. Same terrain, south facing vineyards
54
Q

Vouvray AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Grapes?
  3. Production?
  4. Sparkling less age time? grapes?
A
  1. White only (dry, semi sweet, sweet, sparkling)
  2. CB (main), some Orbois
  3. Largest Middle Loire producer of white AOC wine by volume. 60% mousseux and petillant
  4. 12 months, mainly CB
55
Q

Montlouis sur Loire AOC:

  1. styles?
  2. grapes?
  3. what percent organic?
  4. What is Petillant Originel?
A
  1. White only (dry, semi sweet, sweet, sparkling)
  2. 100% CB
  3. 35%
  4. no dosage, only one fermentation with 9 months lees aging (like a pet nat)
56
Q

Cheverny AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. White grapes?
  3. Rose/Gris?
  4. Red grapes?
  5. Climate traits?
A
  1. Dry white, rose, red
  2. SB (main), chard, orbois, CB.
  3. Sauvignon Gris
  4. PN (main), Cot, Gamay
  5. In wooded areas and nestled between rivers, so slightly drier and warmer
57
Q

Cour-Cheverny AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Grapes?
A
  1. Whites only (mostly dry but some semi sweet and sweet)

2. Romorantin

58
Q

Touraine AOC production ranks:

A
  1. Touraine AOC (39%), Vouvray AOC (22%), Chinon AOC (13%), Saint Nicolas de Bourgeil AOC (8%), Bourgueil AOC (7%)
59
Q

Orleans AOC:

  1. Styles?
  2. Grapes?
A
  1. dry white, rose, red

2. Mostly Meunier (reds, roses), Chardonnay (whites)

60
Q

Orleans Clery AOC:

1. Styles?

A
  1. Only red from CF
61
Q

Centre Loire:

  1. Climate? Biggest threats?
  2. Main soil types?
  3. White grape types?
  4. Rose/Gris grape types?
  5. Red grape types?
A
  1. Continental. spring frost, summer hail
  2. Caillottes (limestone roch Portlandian marl prbbles), Terres Blanches (Kimmeridgean marl with oyster fossils), Silex (flint with Clay), Sands/gravels
  3. SB (main)
  4. PG and Sauv Gris
  5. PN (main), Gamay
62
Q

Sancerre AOC:

  1. Types?
  2. White grapes?
  3. Red gapes?
  4. Topographic feature?
A
  1. Dry whites (famous), red, rose
  2. 100% SB
  3. 100% PN
  4. Highest elevation of all Centre Loire AOCs )steep slopes help drain excess rain)
63
Q

Pouilly Fume AOC:

  1. Types?
  2. Grapes?
  3. What is alternate name and why?
A
  1. Dry whites ONLY.
  2. 100% SB
  3. Fume Blanc refers to gunflint aromas on flinty clay soils
64
Q

Pouilly sur Loire AOC:

  1. Types?
  2. Grapes?
  3. Area?
A
  1. Dry whites only
  2. 100% Chasselas
  3. same as Pouilly Fume
65
Q

Menetou Salon AOC:

  1. Types?
  2. White grapes?
  3. Red/rose grapes?
  4. How many villages in AOC?
A
  1. Whites (famous), red, rose
  2. 100% SB
  3. 100% PN
  4. 10 (can add village name to label)
66
Q

Quincy AOC:

  1. Sits on banks of which river?
  2. Types?
  3. Grapes?
  4. Soils?
A
  1. Cher
  2. Dry whites only
  3. SB (main), Sauv Gris in blends
  4. Sands and gravels
67
Q

Reuilly AOC:

  1. Types?
  2. Whites?
  3. Reds?
  4. Roses?
  5. Harvested early or late?
A
  1. Dry whites, roses, reds
  2. 100% SB
  3. 100% PN
  4. PN and/or PG
  5. Earliest in Centre Loire (dry mesoclimate)
68
Q

Cailottes:

  1. consists of?
  2. found where?
  3. Wine traits?
A
  1. pebbles of limestone rich Portlandian marl
  2. Sancerre, Pouilly Fume
  3. Perfumed, mature quickly
69
Q

Terres Blanches:

  1. consists of?
  2. found where?
  3. wine traits?
A
  1. Kimmeridgean marl/oyster fossils
  2. Sancerre, Pouilly Fume
  3. Powerful, age well
70
Q

Silex/Argiles a silex:

  1. consists of?
  2. found where?
  3. wine traits?
A
  1. Flint, clay with flint
  2. sancerre, Pouilly Fume
  3. smoky character of gunflint
71
Q

Centre Loire Production top 3:

A
  1. Sancerre AOC (54%), Pouilly Fume AOC (25%), Menetou Salon AOC (9%)
72
Q

Upper Loire:

  1. Climate?
  2. What topographic feature is a trademark?
A
  1. Continental

2. Chaine des Puys (chain of extinct volcanoes)

FWS Soggywaffle (7 decks)

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