Logic

Question 1

What is logic

Answer 1

The study of whether one argument supports or provides reason to believe another

Question 2

Descriptive Claims

Answer 2

How the world is, things we can observe

Question 3

Normative Claims

Answer 3

Things that ought to be true, what the world should be like

Question 4

Prudence

Answer 4

To be cautious, careful, or wise about a situation

Question 5

Bridge Principles

Answer 5

Tells you what descriptive facts must be established in order to support a
particular normative claim

Question 6

Deductive Logic

Answer 6

Uncommon; reasoning that is so strong, that if the premises are true, the
conclusion must be true

Question 7

Inductive Logic

Answer 7

More common; reasoning that provides some evidence for our conclusions
but could be overridden

Question 8

Conditional Arguments

Answer 8

A Type of Deductive Argument that starts by saying IF one thing is true, THEN another must be true

Question 9

Necessary Conditions

Answer 9

“In order to get paid, I have to go to work”

Question 10

Sufficient Conditions

Answer 10

“If I meet all my sales goals, I will get at least a 5% bonus”

Question 11

Necessary But Not Sufficient

Answer 11

“Wearing a suit is necessary to impress the boss, but
you need to do good work too”

Question 12

Sufficient But Not Necessary

Answer 12

“If I take the subway, I will arrive at Yonge-Dundas”

Question 13

Necessary And Jointly Sufficient

Answer 13

“If I wear a suit and tie, bring my invitation, and
arrive on time, I will be allowed in for dinner”

Question 14

Deductive Conditional Arguments (MP and MT)

Answer 14

Arguments that have an “If…, then…” claim as
an important premise

Question 15

Modus Ponens

Answer 15

“If A, then B. A. Therefore B.”

Question 16

Modus Tollens

Answer 16

“If A, then B. Not B. Therefore Not A.”

Question 17

Affirming the Consequent

Answer 17

“If A, then B. B. Therefore A.”

Question 18

Denying the Antecedent

Answer 18

“If A, then B. Not A. Therefore Not B.”

Question 19

Inductive Logic & Reasoning

Answer 19

When we have some evidence for our conclusions but that
evidence could be overridden

Question 20

Generalizations

Answer 20

Start with a number of observed instances (a “sample”) and reason to a conclusion about an extension of the pattern to a larger class of things (the “population.”)

Question 21

Simple Induction

Answer 21

“Proportion X of group G has characteristic C. Individual I is a member of G.
The probability that I has C is X” (formula for evaluating simple induction)

Question 22

Inference to Best Explanation

Answer 22

The things we observe often leave us needing to determine the cause behind them, and in many situations we can often name many possible causes (believe the one that offers the best explanation)

Question 23

The BEST acronym

Answer 23

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE; EXPLANATORY
POWER; SIMPLE; TESTABALE

Question 24

Argument By Analogy

Answer 24

Arguments that take the form of a comparison

Question 25

Ethical Versus Prudent Claims

Answer 25

● Descriptive Claims = Physical Facts
● Normative Claims = Ethical or Prudent

Question 26

Normative Claims alone can _____ support a descriptive conclusion

Answer 26

never

Question 27

Descriptive Claims alone can ______ support a normative conclusion

Answer 27

never

Question 28

Premises need to be ________ rather than true

Answer 28

acceptable

Question 29

Deductive arguements

Answer 29

Provides an airtight link between premises and conclusion. If the premises are true and the logic is good, the conclusion must also be true

Question 30

Inductive arguements

Answer 30

Provide examples, or bits of evidence, in favor of a conclusion. But even if the premises are true and the logic is strong, it’s still possible that the conclusion is false