Locomotor System Flashcards
What is the locomotor system also known as?
the muscoskeletal system
What does the locomotor apparatus include?
All organs which provide the body stability, which permits movement and which, at the same time, provide the basis for the characteristic conformation of individual species.
Which two parts of what two systems have a close interrelationship?
passive part of the locomotor apparatus (the skeletal system), and the active part of the locomotor apparatus (muscular system).
What is the skeletal system? What is its different name?
- passive locomotor system
- composed of the bony framework of the body which has a considerable weight-bearing capacity.
- composed of bones, cartilage, connective tissue elements, cavities
What is the muscular system? What is its different name?
- active locomotor system
- preforms the movement with means for locomotion
- composed of a number of individual muscles (skeletal muscle fibres, connective tissue)
What is the skeleton divided into (2 parts)?
Axial skeleton (skeleton axiale):
- skull (cranium)
- vertebral column (columna vertebralis)
Appendicular skeleton (skeleton appendiculare):
- bones of the thoracic limb (ossa membri thoracici)
- bones of the pelvic limb (ossa membri pelvini)
What is in the axial skeleton?
- skull (cranium)
- vertebral column (columna vertebralis)
What is in the appendicular skeleton?
- bones of the thoracic limb (ossa membri thoracici)
- bones of the pelvic limb (ossa membri pelvini)
What are the four principal classifications of bones?
- long bones (typical limb bones)
- flat bones (outer layer from compact bone, inner spongy layer)
- short bones (outer layer of compact bone, inner core of cancellous bone)
- irregular bones (similar structure to short bones, but less uniform in shape)
What are the two specialized types of bones?
Sesamoid bones- sesame seed shaped bones that develop within a tendon (occasionally ligament) that runs over an underlying bony prominence.
Pneumatic bones- air filled spaces (sinuses) which have the effect of reducing the weight of the bone.
What are sesamoidal bones for?
they change the angle at which the tendon passes over the bone
- reduce the wear and tear
State an example of pneumatic bones.
maxillary and frontal bones
What is the difference between a pneumatic bone and a medullary bone?
Pneumatic bones are pneumatised (air-filled) for the purpose of weight reduction.
Medullary bones are calcium reservoirs found in female birds during the breeding period.
What bone is specific to birds?
The medullary bone, which is a form of a calcium reservoir.
What are the three types of joints?
1) fibrous joints
2) cartilaginous joints
3) synovial joints
What is a different word for joint?
arthrosis
What are fibrous joints? What is their different name?
- immobile joints united by fibrous tissue
- juncture fibrosae
- (permits only slight movement)
What unites the bones the skull? How does it further specialize?
Sutures (suturae):
- plane suture (sutura serrata)
- squamous suture (sutura plana)
- foliate suture (sutura foliata)
- gymphosis
What are gomphosis?
the implantation of the teeth in the dental alveoli by the periodontal membrane
State an example of syndesmosis.
the fibrous tissue which unites the radius and ulna.
State an example of the sutura bone.
the bottom of the jaw
State an example of gomphosis.
teeth attatchemnts
What are cartilaginous joints? What is their latin name?
- juncturae cartilagieae
- immobile joints, united by cartilage, ossify with age
How are joints classified?
1) SYNCHONDROSES: hyaline cartilage joints (between the base of the skull and the hyoid bone)
2) SYMPHYSES: fibrocartilaginous joints (between the two halves of the pelvis)
3) SYNOSTOSES: ossified joints (between the equine radius and ulna).
State an example of a SYNCHONDROSES.
between the base of the skull and the hyoid bone
State an example of a SYMPHYSES.
between the two halves of the pelvis
State an example of a SYNOSTOSES.
between the equine radius and ulna
Explain the synovial joint. What is its Latin name? What is it composed of?
- articulationes synoviales
- consists of: joint cavity, articular cartilage, joint capsule, inner synovial membrane, and outer fibrous layer.
What is a ligament?
connective bands that extend from bone to bone.
What is the meniscus? What is their function?
fibrocartilage that partially or completely divides a joint cavity.
- make the joint more stable by improving the fit between two articulating bones
How can joints be classified?
- number of bones forming the joint
- degree and kind of mobility
- shape or form of the articular surface
How are joints classified based on the number of bones forming the joint?
1) SIMPLE JOINTS (articulatio simplex): one pair of articulate surfaces
2) COMPOSITE JOINTS (articulatio composita): more than two surfaces are involved (eg. carpus)
How do you say “joint” in latin?
articulatio
How are joints classified based on the degree and kind of mobility?
1) UNIAXIAL JOINTS (eg. elbow)
2) BIAXIAL JOINTS (eg. atlano-occipital)
3) MULTIAXIAL JOINTS (eg. shoulder)
4) TIGHT JOINTS (eg. sarcoliac)
How are joints classified based on the shape or form of the articular surface? english and Latin names
ball & socket joint (articulatio spheroidea)
ellipsoid joint (articulatio ellipsoidea)
hinge joint (gynglymus)
saddle joint (articulatio sellaris)
trochoid (pivot) joint (articulatio trochoidea)
plane joint (articulatio plana)
condylar joint (articulatio condylaris)
sledge joint (articulatio delabens)
What is the Latin name for the ball & socket joint? Explain its function.
articulatio spheroidea
move around a center in an indefinite number of axes:
- flexion, extension
- abduction, adduction
- axial rotation
- circumduction
What is the Latin name for the hinge joint? Explain its function.
gynglymus
- distal bone moves only in one plane
- flexion and extension
What is the Latin name for the sledge joint?
articulatio delabens
What is the Latin name for the saddle joint? Explain its function.
articulatio sellaris
- two opposing surfaces that are reciprocally concave-convex
- flexion, extension
- abduction, adduction
- circumduction
What is the Latin name for the ellipsoid joint? Explain its function.
articulatio ellipsoidea
- distal bone with with an ovoid articular surface and is received into an elliptical cavity.
movements:
- occipital flexion, extension
- abduction, adduction
- circumduction
What is the Latin name for the pivot joint? Explain its function.
articulatio trochoidea
- movement limited to rotation
Explain flexion vs extension.
- flexion reduces the angle between two bones (bends the limb)
- extension increases the angle between two bones (straightens the limb)
Explain abduction vs adduction.
- abduction (meaning to take away) moves a body part away from the median plane or axis
- addiction moves a body part back towards the median plane or axis
Explain rotation.
the moving body part twists on its own axis (rotates inwardly or outwardly)
Explain circumduction.
the movement of an extremity
Explain gliding/sliding.
the articular surfaces of the joint slide over one another
Explain protraction.
The animal moves its limb cranially (eg. advances limb forward when walking).
Explain retraction.
The animal moves its limb back towards the body.
How is muscle tissue divided?
into 2 categories (classified functionally and morphologically):
1) smooth muscle (walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and glandular ducts)
2) striated muscle (skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle)
What are the attachments of muscles called?
less mobile attachment: the origin
more mobile attachment: the point of insertion
How can muscles be classified? (according to the arrangement of their fibres)
Wide muscle including tendinous structures
Wide muscle with aponeurosis
Sphincter
Circular muscle
Spindle-shaped muscle (two-bellied, two-headed, single-headed, multipennate, unipennate)
How can muscles be classified? (according to the number of joints they transverse)
uniarticular muscles
biarticular muscles
polyarticular muscles
How can muscles be classified? (according to their function)
- extensor
- adductor
- flexor
- abductor
- superinator
- pronator
- sphincter
- dilator
- levator
- depressor
- rotator
What are the three accessory structures?
1) fasciae
2) synovial bursae
3) tendon sheaths
What are fasciae? How do they further classify?
- made up of sheets of connective tissue that is found below the skin.
- attach, stabilize, impart strength, maintain vessel patency, separate muscles, and enclose different organs.
2 types:
- superficial fascia (fascia superficialis)
- deep fascia (fascia profunda)
What are synovial bursae? How do they further classify?
fluid-filled sacks that facilitate the movement between muscle and bone, ligaments, and/or tendons, and develop during intrauterine life.
➢ Subtendinous bursae (bursae synoviales subtendinosae)
➢ Submuscular bursae (bursae synoviales submusculares)
➢ Subligamentous bursae (bursae synoviales
subligamentosae)
➢ Subcutaneous bursae (bursae synoviales subcutaneae)
What are tendon sheaths? What is their latin name?
a thin layer of tissue, surrounds each tendon in the body
- (vaginae synoviales tendinum)
