General Anatomy L.1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.
What are the different branches of anatomy?
- Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
- Embryology
- Systematic anatomy
- Comparative anatomy
Regional Anatomy
What is “osteology” the study of?
bones
What is the locomotor system composed of?
- The skeletal system (passive locomotor)
- The muscular system (active locomotor)
What is the locomotor system also known as?
the musculoskeletal system.
What are the subcategorizations of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton (skeleton axiale)
Appendicular skeleton (skeleton appendiculare)
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
SKULL (cranium)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (columna vertebralis)
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?
bones of the THORACIC LIMB (ossa membri thoracici)
bones of the PELVIC LIMB (ossa membri pelvyni)
How are bones classified?
according to shape
What are the different classifications of bones?
1) Long bones
2) Flat bones
3) Short bones
4) Irregular bones
5) Sesamoid bones
6) Pneumatic bones
State an example of a long bone.
femur
State an example of a flat bone.
shoulder bone
State an example of short bone.
carpal bone
State an example of an irregular bone.
vertabrea
State an example of a sesamoid bone.
the patella associated with the stifle joint.
State an example of a pneumatic bone.
frontal bone
What are long bones?
- long bones
- containing a shaft (medullary cavity) filled with bone marrow
What are flat bones?
- outer layer of compact bone
- layer of cancellous/spongy bone inside
- no medullary activity
What are short bones?
- outer layer of compact bone
- core of cancellous bone
- no medullar activity
What are irregular bones?
- less uniform in shape
- lie in the midline
- are unpaired
What are sesamoid bones?
- sesame seed shape
- develop within the tendon
- change the angle at which a tendon passes over
- reduce wear and tear
What are pneumatic bones?
- contain air-filled spaces (known as the sinuses)
- r4educe the weight of a bone
What is a medullary bone? Where is it present?
- a form of calcium reservoir
- female birds
- during the breeding period
(present in birds)
What is “arthrology”?
the study of joints
What is a different name used for “joints”?
arthrosis
What is the role of joints?
To allow for variable degree of movement.
How are joints classified?
1) Fibrous joints
2) Cartilaginous joints
3) Synovial joints
What are fibrous joints?
- immobile joints
- united by fibrous tissue
How are fibrous joints categorised?
1) Syndesmosis
2) Sutures
3) Gomphosis
What is syndesmosis? example?
- joint united by fibrous tissue
- permits only slight movement
eg. between radius and ulna
What is Sutures?
- unite the bones of the skull
What united the bones of the skull?
Sutures
What is Gomphosis? example?
the implantation of the teeth in the dental alveoli by the periodontal membrane.
eg. between teeth and gums
What are cartilaginous joints?
- immobile joints
- united by cartilige
- ossify with age
How do cartilaginous joints characterise?
1) synchodroses (skull&hyoid bone)
2) symphyses (hipbone)
3) synostoses (space filled by bone b/w radius and ulna)
What is a synovial joint?
- consists of atleast 2 bones
- cartilige
- joined cavity (synovial fluid)
- synovial membrane + fibrous capsule (articular capsule)
How are synovial joints specified?
1) number of bones forming the joint
2) degree and kind of mobility
3) shape and form of the articular surfaces.
What are the different kinds of mobility?
1) uniaxial joint
2) biaxial joint
3) multiaxial joint
4) tight joint
What are the different shapes and forms of joints?
1) ball and socket joint
2) ellipsoid joint (similar to ball and socket, just ellipses instead of round.)
3) hinge joint (flexion nd extension)
4) saddle joint (flexion, extension, also movement to the side)
5) pivot joint (only rotation is possible)
What are the different movements of joints?
- flection/extension
- abduction/adduction
- rotation
What is flexion?
movement making an angle to decrease
What is extension?
movement making an angle to increase
What is abduction?
- runs medially (closer to the median plane)
What is adduction?
- away from the median plane (laterally)
What is rotation?
twists on its own axis
What is myology?
the study of the muscular system.
Explain the basic structure of the muscle.
- usually located between 2 bones
- muscle belly
- origin (less lovable attachment of muscle)
- insertion (more movable attachment of the muscle
- tendon (connects muscle to bone)
- connective tissue
How are muscles classified?
according to their fibres
Explain the different classifications of muscle.
two-bellied muscle
two headed muscle
single headed muscle
multipennate muscle
unipennate muscle
How can muscles be grouped?
depending on the number of joints they transverse:
1) uniarticular muscles
2) biarticular muscle
3) polyarticular muscle
depending on their function
What are the three main accessory structures?
1) Fasciae
2) Synovial bursae
3) Tendon sheaths
What is fasciae?
- (white shiny layer covering muscles) - (helps separate and connect muscles)
- superficial fascia (on muscle surface)
- deep fascia (in muscle)
What is Synovial bursae?
- sac willed with synovial fluid
