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Module 1 Anatomy > Locomotion > Flashcards

Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

name 4 functions of bone

A
  1. Structural support
  2. calcium store
  3. haematopoesis
  4. protection
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2
Q

name 3 functions of joints

A
  1. facilitate movement
  2. allow growth
  3. stability
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3
Q

2 functions of muscles

A
  1. Generate movement
  2. Generate heat
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4
Q

label the structure

bone marrow / inner medulla/ outer cortex

A
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5
Q

The function of outer bone cortex

A

dense strong heavey

compact- cortical bone

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6
Q

characteristics of inner medulla

A

porous/ weak/ lighter

spongy

  • trabecular/ cancelous
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7
Q

bone marrow can produce

A

red/white blood cells

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8
Q

define periosteum

A

dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bone except for the surface of the joint

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9
Q

the periosteum is innervated what is a disadvantage of this?

A

can cause extreme pain due in times of fractures etc as there are multiple nerves.

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10
Q

what do nutrient vessels do?

A

carry blood to/from medullary cavity

Supply bonemarrow/ spongy bone/ deep compact bone.

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11
Q

label the structure:

hyaline

sensory nerve fibre

periosteum

nutrient artery/ vein

lymphatic vessels

A
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12
Q

what cells carry out ossification/ osteogenesis

A

osteoblast

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13
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

growing of the hyaline cartilage into bone( ossifies)

for the long bone

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14
Q

what are the 3 structures bone has at each END

A

epiphysis

epiphyseal growth plate

metaphysis

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15
Q

where is diaphysis found in the bone

A

in the middle of the 2 metaphysis

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16
Q

bone growth ceases when?

A

when the growth plate of hyaline cartilage ossifies.

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17
Q

name 5 different types of bone and what they do?

A
  1. Flat bone: protective- sternum/ neurocarnium
  2. long bone: tubular- humerus/ femur/ phalanges
  3. Irregular bone: weird shape- vertebrae
  4. sesamoid bones: within some tendons- ptella
  5. shorts bones: cuboidal- carpal/ tarsal
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18
Q

name the 4 parts that make up the axial skeleton

A

skull/ spine / sternum/ ribs

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19
Q

name the 4 parts the make up the appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle/ upper limbs/ pelvic girdle/ lower limbs

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20
Q

what is the reason behind the enlargement of vertebrae

A

they bare more weight

and decrease when weight has been transferred at the hip bone

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21
Q

what curvature of the spine is primary and secondary

A

thoraxic is primary

cervical/ lumbar is secondary

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22
Q

what emerges through intervertebral foramen

A

spinal nerves

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23
Q

where does the spinal cord stop

A

approx- L2

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24
Q

at each level pair of spinal nerves arise from the cord and exit the

A

intervertebral foramina

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25
Q

what is the soma?

A

body wall

26
Q

how are spinal nerves connected with the structures of the soma

A

via the rami

27
Q

how does the spinal cord attach to the spinal nerves

A

via roots/ rootlets

28
Q

Cervical vertebrae 1 is known to be called

A

Atlas

29
Q

what is special about C1 vertebrae

A

does not have a body or spinous process

has an anterior/ posterior arch

30
Q

C2 vertebrae is called

A

axis

31
Q

C2 vertebrae has

A

odontoid process

projects superiorly from the body

32
Q

what is special about the C7

A

first palpable spinous process

33
Q

what bones are in the appendicular skeleton in the pectoral girdle

A

scapulae

clavicle

34
Q

what bones are in the appendicular skeleton in the pelvic girdle

A

hip bones and sacrum

35
Q

label the diagram

humerus/ raduis & ulna/ femur/ tibia/ fibia/

carpal/ meta carpal/ phalanges

tarsal/ metatarsal/ phalanges

A
36
Q

name the 3 different types of muscle

A

cardiac ( striated)

smooth (non striated)

skeletal (voluntary & striated)

37
Q

skeletal muscle consists of

A

myofilaments- myofibrils- muscle fiber- muscle fascicle

38
Q

what causes striations in skeletal muscle

A

overlapping of acting and myosin

39
Q

the longer the skeletal muscle fiber the

A

greater the potential range of shortening

thus greater movement at the joint

40
Q

name a muscle in these skeletal group muscles

  1. circular
  2. pennate
  3. fusiform
  4. quadrate
  5. flat with aponeurosis
A
  1. orbicularis oculi
  2. deltoid
  3. biceps
  4. rectus abdominus
  5. external oblique
41
Q

how many points of attachment are there on bone

A

2+

42
Q

when do muscles shorten

A

contraction

43
Q

what is muscle origin & insertion

A

joint/ the other side

44
Q

role of tendons

A

attaching muscle to bone

45
Q

label the diagram- skeletal muscle/ deep fascia/ epidermis/ dermis/ superficial fascia

A
46
Q

label the diagram

intermuscular septum/ fibula/ tibia/ super/deep fascia

A
47
Q

skeletal muscle is from

A

oral cavity to upper larynx then from lower anal canal downwards

48
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

reflexes of coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing & vomiting are all skeletal muscles of the proximal respiratory/alimentary tracts

49
Q

name 3 types/subtypes of joints

A

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

50
Q

joints compromise on what

A

increase mobility = decrease stability

51
Q

characteristics of fibrous joints

A

stable/ limited mobility

52
Q

name the 3 types of fibrous joints

A

syndesmoses- unites bone with fibrous sheet/ partially moveable.

sutures- bones of the skull- coronal suture

gomphosis- little movement/ dentoalveolar syndesmosis

periodontal ligament

53
Q

name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

Primary cartilaginous: synchondrosis

bones joined by hyaline cartilage( epiphyseal growth plate)

ossiifcation and fusion

Secondary cartilaginous: symphysis

strong/ slightly moveable / fibrocartilage( interbertebral discs)

54
Q

Synovial joints

A
55
Q

name 3 features of synovial joints

A

ligaments- attach bone to bone

thicken to form areas of a capsule

synovial fluid- produced by synovial membrane to reduce friction/ shock absorber

Articular disco or meniscus-

firbocarilage for joint support/ shock absorber- not in every joint

56
Q

lable the diagram

articular cartilage/ synovial membrane/ joint cavity/ articular capsule

A
57
Q

whta covers the articular surface of the synovial joints

A

hyaline articular cartilage

58
Q

the capsule the wraps around the joint is

A

fibrous layer( hard)

deeper synovial membrane layer secretes synovial fluid.

59
Q

joint cavity contains what

A

synovial fluid for- cushions/ lubrication

60
Q

ligarments are for

A

strenght/ fibrous band

61
Q
A

Module 1 Anatomy (6 decks)

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