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Module 1 Anatomy > Cardio/ Resp > Flashcards

Cardio/ Resp Flashcards

1
Q

3 main function of the chest wall

A

1) Protect heart & lung 2) Movement of breathing 3) Breast tissue- lactation

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2
Q

where is the costal margin

A

it is the diaphragm

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3
Q

how many typical & Atypical ribs are there

A

3-9 are typical ribs and 1-2-10-11-12 are atypical

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4
Q

Adult vertebral column cosists of what

A

this is the answer

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5
Q

what are the main 6 features of the vertebra

A

This is the answer

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6
Q

what does a normal rib look like? how many facets/ and main features?

A

This is the answers

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7
Q

Describe an Atypical rib from Anterior to Posterior

A
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8
Q

decribe the joining of the ribs to the vertebrea.

What is the join pattern of the ribs to the vertebrea

A
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9
Q

name the joints attached to the sternum and the cartilage

A

Sternocostal joints.

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10
Q

name the joints of the rib attached to the cartiliage

A

Costochondral jonts

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11
Q

name the 3 parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium/ sternum/ xaphiod process

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12
Q

what angle is at rib 2

A

Sternal angle

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13
Q

Xiphoid process is important why ?

A

landmark for CPR

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14
Q

Palpalting the trachea is done at ….

A

Jugluar notch

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15
Q

name the layers of the thorax

A

Skin

Superficical fascia (adipose tissue- insulation)

Deep fascia (tough/ protection)

Sensory nerves on the intercostal nerves

Pectoralis major and minor.

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16
Q

the long thoracic nerve supplies which mucle

A

Serratus anteior pull it up

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17
Q

which never supplies serratus anterior

A

long thoracic nerve

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18
Q

function of the serratus anterior

A

anchor the scapula to the rib

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19
Q

how many layers and the names of these are there of intercostal mucles. functions ?

A

3

external/ internal/ innermost.

involved in moving ribs at respiration

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20
Q

where is the NVB

A

intercostal groove of the ribs

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21
Q

Define :Thoracocentesis

A

sampling of fluid from the pleural cavity vai the interostal space.

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22
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

it is where the lung bud pushes out from at embroy development

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23
Q

what is visceral and parietal pleura

A

viscera= touches the organ

parietal= touches the wall

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24
Q

why do lungs have a vaccum

A

to allow movement which furthers helps to increase volume of air.

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25
Q

name the potential space in the pulral cavity and location.

A

costodiaphragmatic recess.

inferior plural cavity

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26
Q

right lung differs from the left lung how? outline 2 differences on the

A

horizontal fissure

middle lobe

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27
Q

name the arteries/ veins/ bronchial of left and right lung

A

bronchiloes/ pulmonary artery/ pulmonary vein

28
Q

Phrenic Nerve:

is made up from

A

anterior rami of ther cerival spinal nerves C3/4/5

29
Q

where is the phrenic nerve found

A

anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle

30
Q

what region does the phereic nerve descend ?

what is its function?

A

Lateral aspect of the heart

supply motor and sensory fibers to the skeletal muscles of the diaphragm

31
Q

inspiration motion describe it?

A
  1. Diaphragm contracts and descends
    - Increases vertical chest dimension
  2. Intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs
    - Increases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
  3. The chest walls pull the lungs outwards with them (pleura)
    - Air flows into the lungs
32
Q

Expiration describe it:

A
  1. Diaphragm relaxes and rises
    - Decreases vertical thoracic dimension
  2. Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs
    - Decreases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
  3. Elastic tissue of lungs recoils
    - Air flows out of lungs
33
Q

which mucles help with forced inspiration (disease/ high altitude training) by increasing the dimensions of the chest cavity.?

A

pectoralis major/ minor

sternocleidomastoid

scalene muslce

internal intercostal muscle

34
Q

what are the accessory muscles of expiration

A

rectus abdominus

35
Q

Pneumothorax can happen in 2 ways describe them?

A
  1. Air in thepleural cavity due to injury leading to a tear in the parietal pleura.. loss of vaccum leads to lung collapse as elastic recoil
  2. Repture of lung tissue- tear in he visceral pleura leading to loss of vaccum and lung collapsing.
36
Q

describe the picture by labling the following:

Trachea

Bifurcation of right/ left bronchus

lobar bronchi

alveoli

A
37
Q

Where does the trachea bifuracate

A

Sternal angle.

38
Q

The key features of the right main bronchus are?

These could result in…

A
  • Wider, shorter, more vertical
  • forgein objects being inhaled.
39
Q

name the area this is situated between the lungs

A

mediastinum

40
Q

2 Sections to the mediastinum:

then state where the heart sits

A
  1. Superior
  2. inferior
    • anterior
    • middle (Heart sits here
    • posterior
41
Q

What is ther pericardium?

how many layers does it have and their functions?

A

Sac surounding the heart

  1. fibrous
    • thick/ protective layer
    • prevents overfilling
  2. serous
    • deep layer secretes serous fluid
      *
42
Q

what is haemopericardium?

A

filling up of the pericardial cavity- leading to an increase in pressure.

Preventing cardiac contraction or cardiac temponade.

43
Q

Describe the formation of the heart

A
44
Q

name the layers of the heart

A
  1. Outer- External epicardium- visceral serious pericardium
  2. Middle- Myocradium- muscle layer
  3. Internal- Endocardium- continous linning with the endothelium of the blood vessels
45
Q

lable the major vessels:

  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Aorta
  3. Inferior vena cava
  4. pulmonary trunk
A
46
Q

how mant surfaces does the heart have?

name them ?

A

Anterior

Posterior

Base

Inferior

Apex

47
Q

Where is the apex of the heart

there is a right and left “ear “ give the correct name

A

It is near the bottom tip !

Auricle

48
Q

Where is the base of the heart

A
49
Q

which surface of the heart sits on the diaphragm ?

A

The inferior

50
Q

What is a heart attack/MI?

A

irreversible death (necrosis) of the heart muscle( myocardium- as a results of the blockage of the arterial blood supply.

51
Q

what determines the type of the MI clinically

A

The surface of the heart .-

52
Q

where is the cornary sinus located

A

inferior surface of the heart

53
Q

where does the coronary sinus drain into ?

A

the right atrium

54
Q

what blood supply is pumped at each side

A

right- venus blood- deoxygenated

  • blood from systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation

Left- arterial blood

  • Blood from pulmonary circulation to systemic
55
Q

the job role of the septum

A

division of the 2 sides.

56
Q

Name the 2 systems the blood is pumped by the heart

A
  1. Systemic- through the boody
  2. Pulmonary to the lungs
57
Q

Describe the pumping of the blood

by the heart.

A

The deoxygenated blood from the body goes to the right atrium via the SVC/IVC. RIGHT Atrium fills and tricuspid valves open to allow blood to the right ventrical.

The right ventrical fills and pushes blood through the Pulmnary valve into the pulmonary trunck to the lungs to be oxygenated in the lungs.

Lungs push the oxygenated blood to the left atrium by the Pulmonary veins. filling causes the bicuspid valves to open alloin blood into the left atrium.

From there the contraction of the left atrium causes the blood up the ascending aorta ( aortic valves).

Arteries that branch from the aorta:

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries

58
Q

name the 4 valves

A

Right side-

Tricuspid

Pulmonary valve

Left side -

bicuspid

aortic valve

59
Q

what is the name of the FIRST arteries that branch off the aorta?

A

Coronary arteries

60
Q

describe the shape of the aorta

A
61
Q

Thoracic duct: functions

A

Major lymphatic vessel in th body.

Receives lymph from the left lung

Returns lymp to large veins in the neck.

62
Q

how is lymp made

A

Fluid “squeezed” out of capillaries is mainly reabsorbed again before the venules

Excess fluid left in the tissues is called tissue fluid

Once this fluid is taken up by lymphatic vessels it is called lymph

63
Q

Azygous vein

A

azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein.

64
Q

where are the nerves:

phrenic, vagus and recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerves​

A
65
Q

Arteries to the head:

​

A
  1. Brachiocephalic artery
  2. right/left common carotid artery (head)
  3. right/left subclavian artery (right/lfet arm)
66
Q

Veins from the head and limbs:

brachiocephalic vein

internal jugular

subclavian

A

Module 1 Anatomy (6 decks)

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