Cardio/ Resp Flashcards
3 main function of the chest wall
1) Protect heart & lung 2) Movement of breathing 3) Breast tissue- lactation
where is the costal margin
it is the diaphragm
how many typical & Atypical ribs are there
3-9 are typical ribs and 1-2-10-11-12 are atypical
Adult vertebral column cosists of what
this is the answer
what are the main 6 features of the vertebra
This is the answer
what does a normal rib look like? how many facets/ and main features?
This is the answers
Describe an Atypical rib from Anterior to Posterior
decribe the joining of the ribs to the vertebrea.
What is the join pattern of the ribs to the vertebrea
name the joints attached to the sternum and the cartilage
Sternocostal joints.
name the joints of the rib attached to the cartiliage
Costochondral jonts
name the 3 parts of the sternum
Manubrium/ sternum/ xaphiod process
what angle is at rib 2
Sternal angle
Xiphoid process is important why ?
landmark for CPR
Palpalting the trachea is done at ….
Jugluar notch
name the layers of the thorax
Skin
Superficical fascia (adipose tissue- insulation)
Deep fascia (tough/ protection)
Sensory nerves on the intercostal nerves
Pectoralis major and minor.
the long thoracic nerve supplies which mucle
Serratus anteior pull it up
which never supplies serratus anterior
long thoracic nerve
function of the serratus anterior
anchor the scapula to the rib
how many layers and the names of these are there of intercostal mucles. functions ?
3
external/ internal/ innermost.
involved in moving ribs at respiration
where is the NVB
intercostal groove of the ribs
Define :Thoracocentesis
sampling of fluid from the pleural cavity vai the interostal space.
what is the mediastinum
it is where the lung bud pushes out from at embroy development
what is visceral and parietal pleura
viscera= touches the organ
parietal= touches the wall
why do lungs have a vaccum
to allow movement which furthers helps to increase volume of air.
name the potential space in the pulral cavity and location.
costodiaphragmatic recess.
inferior plural cavity
right lung differs from the left lung how? outline 2 differences on the
horizontal fissure
middle lobe
name the arteries/ veins/ bronchial of left and right lung
bronchiloes/ pulmonary artery/ pulmonary vein
Phrenic Nerve:
is made up from
anterior rami of ther cerival spinal nerves C3/4/5
where is the phrenic nerve found
anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle
what region does the phereic nerve descend ?
what is its function?
Lateral aspect of the heart
supply motor and sensory fibers to the skeletal muscles of the diaphragm
inspiration motion describe it?
- Diaphragm contracts and descends
- Increases vertical chest dimension - Intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs
- Increases A-P and lateral chest dimensions - The chest walls pull the lungs outwards with them (pleura)
- Air flows into the lungs
Expiration describe it:
- Diaphragm relaxes and rises
- Decreases vertical thoracic dimension - Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs
- Decreases A-P and lateral chest dimensions - Elastic tissue of lungs recoils
- Air flows out of lungs
which mucles help with forced inspiration (disease/ high altitude training) by increasing the dimensions of the chest cavity.?
pectoralis major/ minor
sternocleidomastoid
scalene muslce
internal intercostal muscle
what are the accessory muscles of expiration
rectus abdominus
Pneumothorax can happen in 2 ways describe them?
- Air in thepleural cavity due to injury leading to a tear in the parietal pleura.. loss of vaccum leads to lung collapse as elastic recoil
- Repture of lung tissue- tear in he visceral pleura leading to loss of vaccum and lung collapsing.
describe the picture by labling the following:
Trachea
Bifurcation of right/ left bronchus
lobar bronchi
alveoli
Where does the trachea bifuracate
Sternal angle.
The key features of the right main bronchus are?
These could result in…
- Wider, shorter, more vertical
- forgein objects being inhaled.
name the area this is situated between the lungs
mediastinum
2 Sections to the mediastinum:
then state where the heart sits
- Superior
- inferior
- anterior
- middle (Heart sits here
- posterior
What is ther pericardium?
how many layers does it have and their functions?
Sac surounding the heart
-
fibrous
- thick/ protective layer
- prevents overfilling
-
serous
- deep layer secretes serous fluid
*
- deep layer secretes serous fluid
what is haemopericardium?
filling up of the pericardial cavity- leading to an increase in pressure.
Preventing cardiac contraction or cardiac temponade.
Describe the formation of the heart
name the layers of the heart
- Outer- External epicardium- visceral serious pericardium
- Middle- Myocradium- muscle layer
- Internal- Endocardium- continous linning with the endothelium of the blood vessels
lable the major vessels:
- Superior vena cava
- Aorta
- Inferior vena cava
- pulmonary trunk
how mant surfaces does the heart have?
name them ?
Anterior
Posterior
Base
Inferior
Apex
Where is the apex of the heart
there is a right and left “ear “ give the correct name
It is near the bottom tip !
Auricle
Where is the base of the heart
which surface of the heart sits on the diaphragm ?
The inferior
What is a heart attack/MI?
irreversible death (necrosis) of the heart muscle( myocardium- as a results of the blockage of the arterial blood supply.
what determines the type of the MI clinically
The surface of the heart .-
where is the cornary sinus located
inferior surface of the heart
where does the coronary sinus drain into ?
the right atrium
what blood supply is pumped at each side
right- venus blood- deoxygenated
- blood from systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation
Left- arterial blood
- Blood from pulmonary circulation to systemic
the job role of the septum
division of the 2 sides.
Name the 2 systems the blood is pumped by the heart
- Systemic- through the boody
- Pulmonary to the lungs
Describe the pumping of the blood
by the heart.
The deoxygenated blood from the body goes to the right atrium via the SVC/IVC. RIGHT Atrium fills and tricuspid valves open to allow blood to the right ventrical.
The right ventrical fills and pushes blood through the Pulmnary valve into the pulmonary trunck to the lungs to be oxygenated in the lungs.
Lungs push the oxygenated blood to the left atrium by the Pulmonary veins. filling causes the bicuspid valves to open alloin blood into the left atrium.
From there the contraction of the left atrium causes the blood up the ascending aorta ( aortic valves).
Arteries that branch from the aorta:
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries
name the 4 valves
Right side-
Tricuspid
Pulmonary valve
Left side -
bicuspid
aortic valve
what is the name of the FIRST arteries that branch off the aorta?
Coronary arteries
describe the shape of the aorta
Thoracic duct: functions
Major lymphatic vessel in th body.
Receives lymph from the left lung
Returns lymp to large veins in the neck.
how is lymp made
Fluid “squeezed” out of capillaries is mainly reabsorbed again before the venules
Excess fluid left in the tissues is called tissue fluid
Once this fluid is taken up by lymphatic vessels it is called lymph
Azygous vein
azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein.
where are the nerves:
phrenic, vagus and recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerves
Arteries to the head:
- Brachiocephalic artery
- right/left common carotid artery (head)
- right/left subclavian artery (right/lfet arm)
Veins from the head and limbs:
brachiocephalic vein
internal jugular
subclavian
